Diabetic Embryopathies
Saivaroon Gajagowni1, Pooja Nair1, Alka C Bapat2
1University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO.
Insights
Maternal diabetes can cause diabetic embryopathy, leading to birth defects like caudal regression syndrome. This review covers neonatal complications and long-term outcomes in infants born to diabetic mothers.
Area of Science:
- Endocrinology
- Developmental Biology
- Neonatology
Background:
- Diabetic embryopathy encompasses congenital anomalies associated with maternal diabetes.
- Established link between maternal diabetes and fetal, neonatal, and long-term infant complications.
- Complications include organ maldevelopment, growth abnormalities, and neurodevelopmental issues.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review neonatal morbidities in infants of diabetic mothers.
- To focus on caudal regression syndrome (sacral agenesis) as a key complication.
- To summarize long-term associations of these conditions.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of existing research.
- Focus on pathophysiology and management of diabetic embryopathy.
- Synthesis of data on caudal regression syndrome and associated morbidities.
Main Results:
- Diabetic embryopathy presents with diverse congenital anomalies.
- Caudal regression syndrome is a significant, though less common, complication.
- Infants face risks of structural malformations and developmental challenges.
Conclusions:
- Maternal diabetes significantly impacts fetal development.
- Early identification and management are crucial for affected infants.
- Further research is needed on long-term outcomes and interventions.
Abstract:
Diabetic embryopathy is defined as congenital anomalies that are linked to maternal diabetes. The association between diabetes and fetal, neonatal, and long-term complications is well-established. These complications include organ or structural maldevelopment, fetal growth abnormalities, and learning/psychiatric comorbidities. Recent studies have elucidated the pathophysiology behind these conditions and outlined new management approaches. Caudal regression syndrome, also known as sacral agenesis, is a well-known but less described complication of maternal diabetes. The purpose of this review is to summarize existing research on common neonatal morbidities in infants of mothers with diabetes with a focus on caudal regression syndrome and its long-term associations.
Related Concept Videos
01:20Pathophysiology of Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
01:22Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational
01:22Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
01:15Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications
01:36Carbohydrate Metabolism
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...