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Dispersion of Nanomaterials in Aqueous Media: Towards Protocol Optimization

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Medium-high frequency sonication dominates spherical-SiO₂ nanoparticle size.

Xiaolin Liu¹, Zhilin Wu¹, Maela Manzoli¹

¹Department of Drug Science and Technology and NIS-Centre for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy.

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

|October 1, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Ultrasonic frequencies (80-500 kHz) significantly control silica nanoparticle (SSN) size and reaction time using the Stöber method. Sonication enables rapid SSN synthesis with tunable sizes, favoring scale-up.

Keywords:

Medium-high frequencies Number and size of cavitation bubbles Sonication Spherical SiO(2) nanoparticles Stöber method

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Nanotechnology
Chemical Engineering

Background:

The Stöber method is a common route for synthesizing silica nanoparticles (SSNs).
Controlling SSN size and reducing reaction times are key challenges in nanoparticle synthesis.
Sonication offers potential for process intensification in chemical reactions.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the use of sonication at various frequencies to control the size of spherical SiO2 nanoparticles (SSNs).
To shorten the reaction time for SSN synthesis via the Stöber method.
To explore the mechanisms underlying sonication-induced SSN size control.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of SSNs using the Stöber method with sonication (80, 120, 500 kHz).
Varied ultrasonic power, temperature, sonication time, and reaction volume.
Characterization of SSN size using Quasi-Elastic Light Scattering (QELS) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM).

Main Results:

Sonication reduced Stöber reaction time to 20-60 min with a low NH4OH/TEOS molar ratio (0.84).
Obtained SSNs with hydrodynamic diameters ranging from 63-117 nm.
Smaller SSNs were produced at 120 kHz compared to 80 kHz, and size decreased with increasing ultrasonic power and optimal temperature (20°C).
Smallest SSNs (63 nm hydrodynamic, 21 nm FESEM) achieved at 207 W for 20 min at 20°C.
SSN size showed slight increases with sonication time and volume, indicating scalability.

Conclusions:

Sonication is an effective method for controlling SSN size and accelerating the Stöber synthesis.
The number of microbubbles generated by sonication plays a crucial role in SSN size control.
The findings support the potential for scalable production of size-controlled SSNs using sonochemical methods.