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Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...

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Updated: Aug 26, 2025

Intracerebroventricular and Intravascular Injection of Viral Particles and Fluorescent Microbeads into the Neonatal Brain

Intracerebroventricular and Intravascular Injection of Viral Particles and Fluorescent Microbeads into the Neonatal Brain

Published on: July 24, 2016

Encephalitis in Children: Viruses and Beyond.

K A Islam¹, S Akhter, K M Podder

¹Dr Kazi Ashraful Islam, Assistant Professor, Institute of Paediatric Neurodisorder and Autism (IPNA), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh;

Mymensingh Medical Journal : MMJ

|October 3, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Encephalitis, brain inflammation, has diverse causes including viruses and autoimmune conditions. Early diagnosis and treatment with antivirals, supportive care, and potentially immunomodulators are crucial for managing this condition.

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Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes: A Functional Genomics Tool for the Study of Positive-strand RNA Viruses

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Published on: December 29, 2015

Area of Science:

Neurology
Infectious Diseases
Immunology

Background:

Encephalitis, inflammation of brain parenchyma, presents variably due to diverse etiologies, commonly viral but also autoimmune.
Sudden altered mental status with fever, seizures, or focal neurological signs in children warrants encephalitis evaluation.
Autoimmune encephalitis is suspected with behavioral or movement disorders alongside typical encephalitis symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

To outline diagnostic criteria and management strategies for encephalitis in children.
To differentiate between infectious and non-infectious causes of encephalitis.
To emphasize timely and appropriate therapeutic interventions for improved outcomes.

Main Methods:

Clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, electroencephalography (EEG), and neuroimaging are used for diagnosis.
Initial treatment includes antivirals and supportive care, followed by etiological investigations.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis (biochemistry, cytology, viral PCR), MRI, and EEG are essential investigations.

Main Results:

Viral infections are common causes, but autoimmune etiologies are significant.
Treatment involves antivirals (e.g., acyclovir for HSV encephalitis), immunomodulators if needed, and supportive care.
Despite treatment, significant mortality and morbidity (behavioral problems, seizures, focal deficits) persist.

Conclusions:

Encephalitis requires a stepwise diagnostic and therapeutic approach, considering both infectious and autoimmune causes.
Prompt initiation of antiviral therapy and supportive measures is critical.
Further research is needed to reduce the persistent morbidity and mortality associated with encephalitis.