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Eagle and Ernest syndromes: a scoping review.

Raúl Frugone-Zambra1, Andrea Berzaghi2, Javier Gómez-Álvarez3

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Eagle Syndrome and Ernest Syndrome involve ossification disorders of head and neck ligaments. Clinical diagnosis supported by imaging is recommended, with a new diagnostic algorithm proposed for these challenging conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Sciences
  • Anatomy
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Ossification disorders can affect the stylohyoid ligament (Eagle Syndrome) and stylomandibular ligament (Ernest Syndrome).
  • Lack of clear diagnostic guidelines complicates differentiating these syndromes from other pathologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish the prevalence, diagnosis, and etiopathogenesis of Eagle Syndrome and Ernest Syndrome.
  • To provide a structured approach for diagnosing these ligament ossification disorders.

Main Methods:

  • A scoping review was conducted adhering to PRISMA criteria.
  • Literature search focused on identifying articles related to Eagle Syndrome, Ernest Syndrome, and associated ligament ossification.

Main Results:

  • 93 articles were selected for the review of stylohyoid ligament and Eagle Syndrome.
  • 3 articles were identified and selected concerning the stylomandibular ligament and Ernest Syndrome.

Conclusions:

  • Eagle Syndrome and Ernest Syndrome require clinical diagnosis corroborated by imaging (2D or 3D).
  • Imaging clarity for Ernest Syndrome diagnosis is less established than for Eagle Syndrome.
  • A decisional algorithm for diagnosing Eagle Syndrome and Ernest Syndrome is presented.