Antifungal cultures and metabolites of lactic acid bacteria for use in dairy fermentations

Fungal spoilage limits the shelf life of fermented dairy products. To address the problem, this study explores the potential of lactic acid bacteria as antifungal adjunct cultures in dairy matrices. Strains of lactic acid bacteria (113) representing 19 species were screened for their activity against Penicillium caseifulvum, Aspergillus clavatus and Mucor racemosus in modified MRS medium, milk, and yogurt. Strains of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Furfurilactobacillus milii, and Lentilactobacillus parabuchneri inhibited the growth of mycelial fungi. The inhibitory effects of lactic acid bacteria against yeasts were also determined in yogurt with Candida sake, Saccharomyces bayanus, and Torulaspora delbrueckii as challenge strains. The inhibition of yeasts by lactic acid bacteria was strain-specific and unrelated to the activity towards mycelial fungi. Organic acids and hydroxy fatty acids were quantified by liquid chromatograph coupled with refractive index detector and tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. Principal component analysis indicated 10-OH 18: 1 fatty acids and acetate are the main antifungal metabolites and explained over 50 % of the antifungal activity. The correlation analysis of metabolites and mold-free shelf life of milk and yogurt confirmed the role of these compounds. The genomic study analysed genes related to the production of major antifungal metabolites and predicted the formation of 1,2-propanediol and acetate but not of hydroxy unsaturated fatty acids. The findings provide new perspectives on the selection of antifungal strains, the characterization of antifungal metabolites and the exploration of antifungal mechanisms among different species.