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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 26, 2025

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies
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Two inconsistent rounds of feedback enhance the framing effect: Coding two consecutive outcome evaluations.

Can Zhang1, Ruiwen Tao1, Hanxuan Zhao1

  • 1Center for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research & Key Laboratory of Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China; College of International Business, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China.

International Journal of Psychophysiology : Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology
|October 6, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Decision-making is influenced by past feedback, but the framing effect on feedback evaluation is not affected by prior outcomes. Inconsistent feedback across two rounds enhances the framing effect, particularly in the gain frame.

Keywords:
BARTConsecutive outcome evaluationConsistency with previous feedbackERPFraming effect

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Decision Science
  • Neuroeconomics

Background:

  • Previous experiences significantly shape decision-making processes.
  • The impact of consecutive outcomes within gain-loss frames on feedback evaluation in dynamic decision-making remains poorly understood.
  • Understanding these modulations is crucial for comprehending human behavior under uncertainty.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how the consistency of prior feedback influences current choices and feedback evaluation under gain-loss frames.
  • To explore the neural mechanisms underlying these effects using event-related potentials (ERPs).
  • To determine whether the framing effect is modulated by the sequence of feedback outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) with 42 adult participants.
  • Recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) to analyze neural responses to feedback.
  • Examined the amplitudes of feedback-related negativity (FRN) and P300 components in response to consecutive outcomes.

Main Results:

  • The framing effect on feedback-related negativity (FRN) was not influenced by the consistency of prior feedback.
  • P300 amplitudes were larger following two inconsistent feedback rounds compared to two consistent rounds in the gain frame, but not in the loss frame.
  • This indicates a more pronounced valence-framing effect when feedback is inconsistent, especially concerning gains.

Conclusions:

  • Two inconsistent rounds of feedback amplify the framing effect in decision-making.
  • The framing effect appears sensitive to prior feedback at a later cognitive appraisal stage, not an early feedback processing stage.
  • These findings offer new insights into how sequential feedback in gain-loss scenarios impacts decision-making under uncertainty.