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Related Concept Videos

Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...
Solid–Solid Solutions01:24

Solid–Solid Solutions

The temperature-composition phase diagram of two solids, A and B, which are immiscible in the solid phase but form miscible liquids, shows that when the temperature is low, these two exist as separate, pure solids (A and B). As the temperature increases, they transition into a single-phase liquid solution where A and B coexist. Moving from point a1 to a2 in the phase diagram, the composition changes such that solid B begins to separate from the solution, enriching the remaining liquid with A.
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects01:26

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
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From Heterostructures to Solid-Solutions: Structural Tunability in Mixed Halide Perovskites.

Donghoon Shin1,2, Minliang Lai2,3, Yongjin Shin1,2

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|October 7, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Controlling ion mixing in perovskite crystals is key for device performance. New methods reveal segregated heterostructures, but solid-solutions form in small crystals (<60 nm) or at higher temperatures, improving photostability.

Keywords:
halide perovskitesnanolithographyrobust heterostructuressolid-solutionsstructural tunabilitysuppressed photoinduced phase segregations

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Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films
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Facile Synthesis of Colloidal Lead Halide Perovskite Nanoplatelets via Ligand-Assisted Reprecipitation
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Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films
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Facile Synthesis of Colloidal Lead Halide Perovskite Nanoplatelets via Ligand-Assisted Reprecipitation
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Facile Synthesis of Colloidal Lead Halide Perovskite Nanoplatelets via Ligand-Assisted Reprecipitation

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Chemistry
  • Optoelectronics

Background:

  • Device stability, reliability, and performance in halide-perovskite materials are critically dependent on material properties.
  • Controlling ion mixing in multicomponent perovskite crystals is essential for tuning these properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and systematically study the ionic mixing in Cs0.5FA0.5PbX3 crystals using evaporation-crystallization polymer pen lithography.
  • To investigate the influence of crystal size, temperature, and composition on ion mixing.
  • To discover methods for controlling ion segregation and forming solid-solutions for enhanced optoelectronic materials.

Main Methods:

  • Evaporation-crystallization polymer pen lithography for synthesizing Cs0.5FA0.5PbX3 crystals.
  • Systematic study of ionic mixing as a function of size, temperature, and composition.
  • Combination of experimental synthesis and simulation for analysis.

Main Results:

  • Discovery of a heterostructure morphology with segregated Cs and FA cations (core and edge layers).
  • Identification of factors influencing segregation: ion solubility and enthalpic preference.
  • Demonstration that decreasing crystal size (<60 nm) or increasing temperature promotes solid-solution formation.
  • Synthesis of solid-solution nanocrystals (Cs0.5FA0.5Pb(Br/I)3) with suppressed photoinduced anion migration.

Conclusions:

  • The formation of A-site cation heterostructures in perovskite crystals is driven by solubility differences and segregation preferences.
  • Solid-solution formation can be achieved by controlling crystal size and temperature, leading to improved photostability.
  • This work provides a route for designing photostable optoelectronic materials through controlled synthesis of perovskite nanocrystals.