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Related Concept Videos

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
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Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
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Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Confocal Imaging of Confined Quiescent and Flowing Colloid-polymer Mixtures
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Alternating one-phase and two-phase crystallization mechanisms in octahedral patchy colloids.

Adiran Garaizar1, Tim Higginbotham1, Ignacio Sanchez-Burgos1

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Colloidal patchy particles with octahedral symmetry exhibit complex crystallization behaviors. Subtle pressure changes dictate the formation of diverse solid phases, including a rare cubic-nucleated simple cubic lattice.

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Area of Science:

  • Colloid and interface science
  • Materials science
  • Computational physics

Background:

  • Colloidal systems offer insights into liquid-to-solid transitions.
  • Particle interactions, including range and distribution, tune phase behavior.
  • High-symmetry patchy particles enable investigation of complex crystallization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate crystallization of octahedral colloidal particles.
  • Explore mechanisms of competing ordered phase formation.
  • Analyze nucleation and growth pathways under varying pressures.

Main Methods:

  • Computational study of colloidal patchy particles.
  • Simulation of crystallization from a disordered fluid.
  • Analysis of crystalline embryo structures and interfacial free energy.

Main Results:

  • Identified crystallization into cubic simple (CS), body-centered cubic, and two face-centered cubic phases.
  • Observed nucleation of stable and metastable crystals.
  • Discovered CS phase nucleating via cubic nuclei, deviating from typical spherical clusters.
  • Uncovered alternating one-phase and two-phase growth mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Octahedral site distribution leads to a rich crystallization landscape.
  • Pressure critically influences the resulting crystalline polymorph.
  • Interfacial free energy and volumetric enthalpy balance drives unique nucleation pathways.