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Charles Darwin proposed that facial expressions are an evolutionary adaptation for communication. He argued that these expressions are not influenced by culture but are universal across species. For example, a snarling expression with exposed teeth signals a threat in many animals, including humans. Darwin also suggested that displaying an emotion can intensify the feeling. Smiling, for example, could enhance one's sense of happiness. This idea laid the foundation for understanding the role...
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Face masks affect emotion categorisation, age estimation, recognition, and gender classification from faces.

Hoo Keat Wong1, Alejandro J Estudillo2,3

  • 1School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia. hookeat.wong@nottingham.edu.my.

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Face masks negatively impact facial recognition and emotion perception, particularly for famous faces. However, effects on age and gender classification are less pronounced, indicating adult facial perception is relatively fixed.

Keywords:
Age estimationCOVID-19Emotion recognitionFace coveringsFace recognitionGender classification

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Social Neuroscience
  • Human Perception

Background:

  • Face masks are crucial for public health but may impede social perception.
  • The impact of masks on extracting detailed facial information is not well understood.
  • Understanding these effects is vital for communication and social interaction during pandemics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how face masks affect the recognition of emotions, famous individuals, age, and gender.
  • To quantify the impact of mask-wearing on specific facial information processing tasks.
  • To explore potential sex-based differences in facial perception under mask conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Young adults performed four tasks: emotion recognition, famous face recognition/naming, age estimation, and gender classification.
  • Performance was compared between masked and unmasked facial stimuli.
  • Data analysis focused on accuracy differences and identified sex-based biases.

Main Results:

  • Face masks significantly impaired famous face recognition and emotion recognition.
  • Masks had a lesser negative impact on age estimation and gender classification.
  • A female advantage was noted in emotion and famous face recognition, alongside a female own-gender bias in gender and age tasks.

Conclusions:

  • Mask-wearing demonstrably hinders critical aspects of facial recognition and emotional perception.
  • The adult face perception system shows limited malleability in response to mask-induced changes.
  • Findings highlight the importance of the lower face in social cognition and suggest sex-specific perceptual strategies.