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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 26, 2025

Scalable Biomanufacturing Workflow to Produce and Isolate Natural Killer Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicle-Based Cancer Biotherapeutics
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Extracellular vesicles: Emerging tools as therapeutic agent carriers.

Shan Liu1,2, Xue Wu3, Sutapa Chandra2

  • 1Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China.

Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. B
|October 10, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are versatile nanocarriers for cell-to-cell communication and therapeutics. This review explores their potential in drug delivery, vaccines, regenerative medicine, and gene therapy, highlighting recent advancements and future challenges.

Keywords:
Cancer therapyDelivery carrierExtracellular vesicleGene therapyInfectious disease vaccineOuter membrane vesicleRegenerative medicineTherapeutic agent

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Cell Biology
  • Nanomedicine

Background:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate intercellular communication by transferring biomolecules.
  • EVs are promising diagnostic biomarkers for liquid biopsy.
  • EVs can be engineered as nanocarriers for therapeutic agents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review EV classification, intercellular communication, and isolation/characterization methods.
  • To highlight recent advances in EV applications as therapeutic carriers.
  • To discuss challenges and future directions for EV therapeutics.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of EV classification, intercellular communication, isolation, and characterization.
  • Analysis of recent research on EV applications in cancer, infectious diseases, regenerative medicine, and gene therapy.
  • Synthesis of findings from in vitro, in vivo, and early clinical studies.

Main Results:

  • EVs facilitate cell-to-cell communication and can be engineered for targeted drug delivery.
  • EVs show potential in cancer therapy, vaccine development, regenerative medicine, and gene therapy.
  • Progress has been made from in vitro studies to in vivo models and early clinical trials.

Conclusions:

  • EVs are highly promising as biocompatible nanocarriers for diverse therapeutic applications.
  • Further research is needed to overcome challenges in EV production, targeting, and clinical translation.
  • EV therapeutics represent a rapidly evolving field with significant future potential.