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Related Concept Videos

Language Development01:22

Language Development

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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
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Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

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Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
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Neuroplasticity01:01

Neuroplasticity

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Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.
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Lateralization01:28

Lateralization

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Brain lateralization refers to the division of mental processes and functions between the two hemispheres of the brain, a phenomenon that optimizes neural efficiency and underpins complex abilities in humans. This specialization allows each hemisphere to perform tasks where it has a comparative advantage, facilitating more refined cognitive capabilities across different domains.
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Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Updated: Aug 26, 2025

Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model of Neonatal Stroke in P10 Rats
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Language and developmental plasticity after perinatal stroke.

Elissa L Newport1,2, Anna Seydell-Greenwald1,2, Barbara Landau1,2,3

  • 1Center for Brain Plasticity and Recovery, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|October 10, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The young brain shows remarkable language plasticity after early left hemisphere stroke. Sentence processing and vocal emotion abilities develop in the right hemisphere, but are constrained to specific regions.

Keywords:
brain reorganizationdevelopmental plasticitylanguagepediatric stroke

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • The mature brain exhibits lateralization for language, with the left hemisphere (LH) dominant for sentence processing and the right hemisphere (RH) for suprasegmental aspects like vocal emotion.
  • Early life plasticity is hypothesized to allow language acquisition in alternative cortical regions following LH damage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the constraints on functional reorganization for language in the developing brain.
  • To determine which brain regions can acquire language functions and the impact on their original functions.

Main Methods:

  • Examined long-term outcomes in adolescents and young adults with infant perinatal arterial ischemic stroke to LH language areas.
  • Compared stroke participants with healthy, age-matched siblings using behavioral and functional imaging tasks.

Main Results:

  • Stroke participants showed normal sentence and vocal emotion processing, comparable to controls, with these abilities developed in the RH.
  • Sentence processing was consistently observed in RH frontotemporal regions, homotopic to typical LH locations.
  • RH emotion processing showed some segregation from RH sentence processing.

Conclusions:

  • The young brain possesses a significant capacity for language reorganization following early LH damage.
  • Functional reorganization is constrained, with sentence processing typically relocating to RH frontotemporal areas.
  • Neural segregation of sentence and emotion processing in the RH may optimize performance for both functions.