[Progress in sample pretreatment and detection methods of hexabromocyclododecanes]

Area of Science:

• Environmental Chemistry
• Analytical Chemistry
• Toxicology

Background:

• Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic brominated flame retardants used in industrial products.
• Widespread environmental distribution and listing under the Stockholm Convention necessitate accurate monitoring.
• Low concentrations and complex matrices in environmental samples pose significant analytical challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review and compare sample pretreatment and instrumental detection methods for HBCDs in diverse environmental matrices.
• To identify current challenges and future trends in HBCD analysis.
• To provide a reference for accurate determination and control of HBCD pollution.

Main Methods:

• Extraction techniques compared include Soxhlet extraction (SE), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), solid phase extraction (SPE), and others.
• Instrumental methods discussed include gas chromatography (GC), GC-MS, liquid chromatography (LC), and LC-MS/MS.
• Solid phase extraction (SPE) is highlighted for its ability to separate impurities and enrich targets, improving sensitivity.

Main Results:

• Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) is the most frequently used pretreatment method.
• Solid phase extraction (SPE) effectively reduces matrix effects and enriches analytes, enabling detection at nanogram per liter levels in water.
• Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is a preferred method for sensitive and specific determination of HBCD isomers in various matrices.

Conclusions:

• Current analytical methods for HBCDs face challenges including tedious pretreatment, large sample volumes, and high organic solvent use.
• Future research should focus on developing green, automated, cost-effective, and efficient sample pretreatment methods using novel adsorbent materials.
• Advancements in analytical techniques are crucial for effective environmental supervision and management of HBCD pollution.