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Related Concept Videos

Sperm Structure and Semen Composition01:22

Sperm Structure and Semen Composition

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During ejaculation, males release around 2-5 milliliters of semen, which is a complex mixture of mature sperm and various fluids produced by accessory glands. The mature sperm cells measure approximately 60 micrometers in length and consist of a head, neck, midpiece, and tail. The head is flattened and tapered, measuring about 4 to 5 micrometers in length. It contains a nucleus with condensed chromosomes and an acrosome, a cap-like structure filled with enzymes essential for penetrating the...
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Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male...
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Sperm Transport01:15

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The journey of sperm from its origin to the point of ejaculation begins within the seminiferous tubules of the testis. Here, Sertoli cells produce fluid that propels non-motile sperm through a series of conduits, starting with the straight tubules leading to the rete testis. This interconnected network of tubules acts as the initial pathway for sperm, guiding them into the efferent ductules and then into the epididymis for maturation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 26, 2025

Author Spotlight: A Simple and Cost-Effective Method for Leukocyte Analysis in Semen
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Author Spotlight: A Simple and Cost-Effective Method for Leukocyte Analysis in Semen

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Evolution of the basic semen analysis and processing sperm.

Jessica N Schardein1, Kiarad Fendereski, James M Hotaling

  • 1Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.

Current Opinion in Urology
|October 13, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The latest World Health Organization manual updates semen evaluation and processing guidelines. Novel point-of-care testing and microfluidics offer potential advancements in male infertility diagnostics and assisted reproductive technology outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Andrology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • The sixth edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) laboratory manual for semen evaluation and sperm processing has been released.
  • Rapid advancements in point-of-care (POC) testing and microfluidics are emerging technologies in andrology.
  • Integrating these novel technologies with updated WHO guidelines is crucial for future male infertility diagnostics and treatments.

Approach:

  • This review examines the implications of the updated WHO manual in the context of emerging POC testing and microfluidic technologies for semen analysis.
  • It explores how these technologies can standardize semen evaluation and sperm processing.
  • The potential impact on assisted reproductive technology (ART) and clinical outcomes is discussed.

Key Points:

  • Standardized semen evaluation and sperm processing are essential for consistent, high-quality laboratory results globally.
  • POC testing can enhance accessibility to semen evaluations, potentially increasing referrals to male infertility specialists.
  • Microfluidics shows promise in selecting functional sperm with reduced DNA fragmentation for ART from various sample types.

Conclusions:

  • POC testing and microfluidics, when combined with machine learning, hold potential for improving fertility care.
  • Optimization of these technologies could transform sperm evaluation and processing methods.
  • Further research is needed to demonstrate consistent improvements in ART clinical outcomes, such as pregnancy and live birth rates, compared to conventional methods.