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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands01:17

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The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
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The sympathetic pathways of the collateral ganglia and adrenal medulla serve unique but interconnected roles in the sympathetic response.
Collateral Ganglia
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Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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Related Experiment Video

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Brain structure in autoimmune Addison's disease.

Annelies Van't Westeinde1, Nelly Padilla2, Monica Siqueiros Sanchez3

  • 1Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinskavagen 37A, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.

Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)
|October 13, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Individuals with autoimmune Addison's disease (AAD) show slightly smaller total brain volumes. Higher glucocorticoid replacement doses in AAD patients correlate with reduced brain volumes, warranting further investigation.

Keywords:
Addisonbrain structurecortisolexecutive functionworking memory

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Endocrinology
  • Autoimmune Diseases

Background:

  • Long-term cortisol level disturbances may impact brain structure.
  • Autoimmune Addison's disease (AAD) is characterized by adrenal insufficiency and potential hormonal imbalances.
  • Understanding the neuroanatomical consequences of AAD is crucial for patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate gray and white matter brain structure in young adults with AAD.
  • To compare brain structure between individuals with AAD and healthy controls.
  • To explore the relationship between glucocorticoid (GC) replacement dose and brain structure in AAD patients.

Main Methods:

  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including T1- and diffusion-weighted sequences.
  • Analysis of cortical thickness, surface area, gray matter volume (FreeSurfer), and white matter microstructure (FSL-TBSS).
  • Comparison of 52 AAD patients (aged 19-43) with 70 healthy controls.

Main Results:

  • Individuals with AAD exhibited 4.3% smaller total brain volume compared to controls.
  • No significant regional structural differences were found after correcting for head size, except for reduced right superior parietal cortex volume in males with AAD.
  • Higher GC replacement doses in AAD patients were associated with smaller total brain volume and reduced volumes in specific brain regions (left lingual gyrus, left rostral anterior cingulate cortex, right supramarginal gyrus).

Conclusions:

  • Brain structure in young adults with AAD appears relatively unaffected, with the exception of smaller total brain volume and potential parietal cortex sensitivity in males.
  • The association between GC replacement dose and reduced brain volume in AAD patients is a potential concern requiring further research.
  • Long-term hormonal dysregulation and treatment in AAD may have subtle but significant effects on brain morphology.