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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Using Gold-standard Gait Analysis Methods to Assess Experience Effects on Lower-limb Mechanics During Moderate High-heeled Jogging and Running
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Physiological Implication of Slope Gradient during Incremental Running Test.

Johan Cassirame1,2,3, Antoine Godin4, Maxime Chamoux5

  • 1Laboratory Culture Sport Health and Society (C3S-UR 4660), Sport and Performance Department, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comte, 25000 Besançon, France.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
|October 14, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Uphill running significantly increases ventilation and oxygen consumption with increasing gradients. However, heart rate and breathing frequency remain unaffected by slope during incremental tests, with peak oxygen consumption plateauing at 25% gradients.

Keywords:
exercise physiologymaximal oxygen consumptionperformancetestingtrail running

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Area of Science:

  • Exercise Physiology
  • Biomechanics of Locomotion
  • Sports Science

Background:

  • Uphill running presents a higher physiological demand than level running.
  • Previous research on the physiological effects of slope during incremental running tests shows inconsistent results.
  • Existing studies often have heterogeneous designs, making it difficult to draw clear conclusions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of varying slope gradients (0%, 15%, 25%, 40%) on physiological variables during an incremental running test.
  • To compare oxygen consumption, breathing frequency, ventilation, and heart rate at ventilatory thresholds and exhaustion across different slopes.
  • To clarify the impact of slope on physiological responses in specialist trail runners.

Main Methods:

  • Specialist trail runners performed incremental running tests on 0%, 15%, 25%, and 40% gradient slopes.
  • Physiological variables including oxygen consumption, breathing frequency, ventilation, and heart rate were measured.
  • One-way repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc analysis was used to determine the effects of slope gradient.

Main Results:

  • Ventilation and oxygen consumption increased with increasing slope gradients (p < 0.001).
  • Ventilation significantly increased between each successive gradient (0% to 40%).
  • Oxygen consumption plateaued at the 25% gradient, with no further increase at 40%.
  • Heart rate and breathing frequency did not differ significantly across slopes at ventilatory thresholds or exhaustion.

Conclusions:

  • Slope gradient significantly impacts ventilation and oxygen consumption during incremental uphill running in specialist trail runners.
  • The highest oxygen consumption levels were achieved at 25% and 40% gradients.
  • Heart rate and breathing frequency appear less sensitive to slope variations compared to ventilation and oxygen consumption in this context.