Carbazole Derivatives as Potential Antimicrobial Agents
Siddappa A Patil1, Shivaputra A Patil2, Ever A Ble-González1
1Department of Chemistry & Physics, Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501 FGCU Boulevard South, Fort Myers, FL 33965, USA.
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|October 14, 2022
Summary
Carbazole derivatives show promise as antimicrobial and antifungal agents. This review covers their development from 1999-2022, highlighting their potential to combat deadly microbial infections.
Area of Science:
- Medicinal Chemistry
- Organic Chemistry
- Pharmacology
Background:
- Microbial infections cause significant global mortality, necessitating novel therapeutic agents.
- Carbazole derivatives, a class of nitrogen-containing heterocycles, exhibit notable biological activities.
- Antimicrobial and antifungal properties of carbazoles are extensively researched.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review miscellaneous carbazole derivatives and their antimicrobial activities.
- To summarize research on carbazole antimicrobial potential from 1999 to 2022.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of scientific articles.
- Analysis of studies on carbazole derivatives and their biological effects.
Main Results:
- Carbazole derivatives demonstrate significant antimicrobial and antifungal potential.
- A wide range of carbazole structures have been investigated for their efficacy.
Conclusions:
- Carbazole derivatives represent a promising scaffold for developing new antimicrobial and antifungal drugs.
- Further research into carbazole derivatives could lead to effective treatments against microbial infections.
![Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions](/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudfront.jove.com%2FCDNSource%2Fteasers%2F60786.jpg&w=3840&q=50)
Related Concept Videos
01:11Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling
3.1K
The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the...
3.1K
01:27Chemical Agents for Microbial Control
175
Chemicals play important roles in controlling microbial growth by targeting microbial structures and functions as sanitizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, and sterilants.Alcohols are commonly used sanitizers, effectively disrupting lipid membranes, which compromises cell integrity. They are also used as antiseptics and disinfectants due to their rapid action and versatility.Phenols and their derivatives phenolics , known for denaturing proteins and disrupting cell membranes, are particularly...
175
01:28Antimicrobial Effectiveness
134
The effectiveness of antimicrobial agents depends on various factors influencing their ability to eliminate microbial populations. Larger microbial populations require more time for complete eradication, emphasizing the importance of population size analysis when evaluating antimicrobial efficacy.Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents varies significantly. Highly resilient microorganisms include endospores, gram-negative bacteria, and non-enveloped viruses, while prions are exceptionally...
134
01:27Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism
4.5K
Synergism is a useful mechanism where combining two or more drugs is more effective than each constituent used alone. Such combinations are also called supra-additive interactions. The drugs collectively enhance the final therapeutic effect by acting on different targets. Another advantage is that the low dose of each constituent drug is sufficient to achieve the desired effect. This helps reduce the duration of therapy and lower the adverse effects of these drugs.
Such synergistic combinations...
Such synergistic combinations...
4.5K
01:15Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Overview
4.1K
Carboxylic acid derivatives are formed by replacing the hydroxyl group of carboxylic acids with a different functional group. The most common carboxylic acid derivatives are:
4.1K
02:10Carbocations
11.5K
Carbocations are one of the reaction intermediates formed during several nucleophilic substitutions or elimination reactions. A carbocation is an electron-deficient species with the central carbon atom having six electrons and three bonded atoms. The central carbon in a carbocation is sp2 hybridized with trigonal planar geometry. It has an empty p orbital perpendicular to the plane of the structure that can accept electrons. Thus, carbocations act as strong electrophiles and may react with any...
11.5K