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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Bio-Based Polymer Developments from Tall Oil Fatty Acids by Exploiting Michael Addition.

Ralfs Pomilovskis1,2, Inese Mierina2, Anda Fridrihsone1

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Summary

New bio-based polymers synthesized via Michael reaction offer polyurethane-like properties without hazardous isocyanates. These materials exhibit tunable thermal and mechanical characteristics, suitable for diverse applications like coatings and resins.

Keywords:
Michael additionbio-based polymerfatty acid-based Michael donortall oil

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Sustainable Chemistry

Background:

  • Polyurethanes are versatile but often involve hazardous isocyanates or harsh synthesis conditions.
  • There is a growing need for high-performance polymers derived from renewable resources.
  • Acetoacetate chemistry offers a pathway to non-isocyanate polymer synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize novel polymers using acetoacetates of tall-oil-based and commercial polyols via Michael reaction.
  • To explore the influence of bio-based monomers and various acrylates on polymer properties.
  • To evaluate the thermal and mechanical performance of the new polymer materials.

Main Methods:

  • Michael addition reaction utilizing acetoacetate-functionalized polyols and different acrylates.
  • Characterization using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA).
  • Mechanical testing using universal strength testing equipment.

Main Results:

  • Polymers with a broad range of properties were successfully synthesized.
  • Achieved glass transition temperatures (Tg) from 21 to 63 °C.
  • Demonstrated tensile modulus (Young's) from 8 to 2710 MPa and tensile strength from 4 to 52 MPa.
  • Exhibited thermal stability up to 300 °C.

Conclusions:

  • The developed polymers possess properties comparable to polyurethanes.
  • The synthesis method avoids hazardous isocyanates and harsh reaction conditions.
  • These new polymers are suitable for applications including foams, coatings, resins, and composite matrices.