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    Underwater visible light communication (UVLC) can be enhanced using reflections. This study quantifies non-line-of-sight (NLOS) gains, showing reflections can boost performance by up to 3 dB.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optical Engineering
    • Underwater Communications
    • Signal Processing

    Background:

    • Underwater visible light communication (UVLC) offers high-speed data transmission, surpassing acoustic methods.
    • Current UVLC systems primarily operate under line-of-sight (LOS) conditions.
    • Exploiting reflected signals presents an opportunity to enhance UVLC performance.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose a closed-form expression for underwater path loss in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) scenarios.
    • To quantify the achievable NLOS gain from reflected signals in UVLC.
    • To experimentally validate the theoretical findings using water surface and mirror reflectors.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a closed-form expression for underwater path loss considering reflections.
    • Definition and quantification of NLOS gain.
    • Experimental validation in an aquarium setup using water surface and mirror reflectors.

    Main Results:

    • A closed-form expression for underwater path loss in NLOS UVLC was derived.
    • The achievable NLOS gain was quantified.
    • Experimental results confirmed gains up to approximately 3 dB due to reflections.

    Conclusions:

    • Reflections can significantly enhance UVLC performance, particularly in non-line-of-sight conditions.
    • The proposed model accurately predicts path loss and quantifies achievable gains.
    • UVLC systems can benefit from incorporating reflected signal strategies for improved data transmission.