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Related Concept Videos

Working Memory01:24

Working Memory

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Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...
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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the...
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Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

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Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...
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Long-Term Memory01:18

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Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
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Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 25, 2025

Investigating Long-term Synaptic Plasticity in Interlamellar Hippocampus CA1 by Electrophysiological Field Recording
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Long-term learning transforms prefrontal cortex representations during working memory.

Jacob A Miller1, Arielle Tambini2, Anastasia Kiyonaga3

  • 1Wu Tsai Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.

Neuron
|October 14, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Long-term training shapes working memory (WM) representations in the lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC). This study shows the human lPFC develops stimulus-specific responses with experience, reconciling different theories of WM.

Keywords:
learninglong-term memoryprefrontal cortexrepresentational similarityworking memory

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neuroimaging
  • Human Brain Function

Background:

  • The function of the lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) in working memory (WM) is debated.
  • Primate studies suggest lPFC stores WM representations, while human studies indicate it controls sensory cortex activity.
  • Differences in task training and stimulus exposure may confound these findings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if long-term training alters lPFC function in WM.
  • To determine if WM representations in the lPFC are shaped by experience.
  • To reconcile conflicting accounts of lPFC involvement in WM.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to densely sample WM activity.
  • Participants underwent 3 months of training on a WM task and a serial reaction time (SRT) task.
  • Fractal stimuli were used within sequences for both tasks.

Main Results:

  • WM performance improved for trained stimuli, with increased delay activity in the lPFC.
  • Item-level WM representations became detectable in lPFC patterns.
  • lPFC activity reflected sequence relationships learned during the SRT task.

Conclusions:

  • The human lPFC develops stimulus-selective responses through long-term learning.
  • Working memory representations are dynamically shaped by experience.
  • These findings help reconcile differing views on lPFC function in WM.