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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Classical Electrodynamics
    • Nanomechanics

    Background:

    • Traditional analysis of optical forces relies on time-averaged values.
    • The dynamic behavior of optical forces in the time domain remains largely unexplored.
    • Understanding transient optical forces is crucial for advancements in optomechanics.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate optical forces beyond the standard time-average approach.
    • To develop a theoretical formalism for optical forces in the time domain.
    • To explore the implications of time-domain optical forces for transient optomechanics.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a theoretical formalism for optical forces in the time domain.
    • Analysis of both Abraham and Minkowski forms of optical momentum.
    • Investigation of force dynamics, including negative values and low-frequency components.

    Main Results:

    • The Abraham and Minkowski momenta converge in the time domain formalism.
    • Optical forces exhibit rich dynamics, including the potential for negative values over short intervals.
    • Time-varying optical forces can excite mechanical oscillations in macroscopic objects under polychromatic illumination.
    • The magnitude of the beating force is directly related to the average optical force.

    Conclusions:

    • The time-domain analysis of optical forces reveals significant unexplored physics.
    • Optical forces possess dynamic properties that can influence mechanical systems.
    • This work lays the foundation for understanding and manipulating transient optomechanical phenomena.