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Related Concept Videos

Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

Phosphoinositides and PIPs

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Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
Different phosphoinositides are synthesized and recruited on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. The localization of specific phosphoinositides concentrated in separate membrane...
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IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

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Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and...
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Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers

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Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
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Protein Kinases and Phosphatases02:54

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

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What are Second Messengers?01:12

What are Second Messengers?

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Because many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic, they do not cross the cell membrane and thus their message must be relayed to a second messenger on the inside. There are several second messenger pathways, each with their own way of relaying information. G-protein coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol path is active when the receptor induces phospholipase C to hydrolyze the phospholipid,...
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PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway01:22

PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway

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The mammalian target of rapamycin  (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1  (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2  (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast,  mTORC2 consists of a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 25, 2025

Identification of Inositol Phosphate or Phosphoinositide Interacting Proteins by Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Western Blot or Mass Spectrometry
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Identification of Inositol Phosphate or Phosphoinositide Interacting Proteins by Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Western Blot or Mass Spectrometry

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An Overview of Class II Phosphoinositide 3-Kinases.

Emily Yan Zhi Heng1, Tania Maffucci2

  • 1Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK.

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology
|October 15, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This chapter summarizes mammalian class II phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks), crucial lipid-modulating enzymes. It highlights recent advancements in understanding their structure, function, and physiological roles in cellular processes.

Keywords:
PI3K-C2αPI3K-C2βPI3K-C2γPhosphoinositide 3-kinasesTrafficking

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Radiolabeling and Quantification of Cellular Levels of Phosphoinositides by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-coupled Flow Scintillation
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Single-molecule Super-resolution Imaging of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the Plasma Membrane with Novel Fluorescent Probes
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Single-molecule Super-resolution Imaging of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the Plasma Membrane with Novel Fluorescent Probes

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Last Updated: Aug 25, 2025

Identification of Inositol Phosphate or Phosphoinositide Interacting Proteins by Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Western Blot or Mass Spectrometry
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Radiolabeling and Quantification of Cellular Levels of Phosphoinositides by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-coupled Flow Scintillation
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Single-molecule Super-resolution Imaging of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the Plasma Membrane with Novel Fluorescent Probes
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Single-molecule Super-resolution Imaging of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the Plasma Membrane with Novel Fluorescent Probes

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) synthesize specific phosphoinositide lipids, regulating numerous downstream proteins and cellular functions.
  • Mammalian cells express eight PI3Ks, classified into three groups based on structural and substrate specificity.
  • Class I and III PI3Ks are well-studied, but class II PI3Ks have only recently gained research attention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive summary of mammalian class II PI3Ks.
  • To elucidate the physiological roles of class II PI3Ks in cellular processes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on class II PI3Ks.
  • Analysis of structural and substrate specificity data.
  • Examination of studies investigating the physiological functions of class II PI3Ks.

Main Results:

  • Class II PI3Ks represent a distinct group with unique characteristics.
  • Emerging evidence highlights their involvement in various cellular signaling pathways.
  • Their specific physiological roles are increasingly being uncovered.

Conclusions:

  • Class II PI3Ks are essential regulators of cellular processes.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand their complex roles.
  • This chapter consolidates current knowledge, paving the way for future investigations.