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Related Concept Videos

Myocarditis I: Introduction01:21

Myocarditis I: Introduction

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Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...
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Coronary Artery Disease III: Clinical Manifestations01:30

Coronary Artery Disease III: Clinical Manifestations

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is a primary health risk worldwide, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. The condition arises from the buildup of atherosclerotic plaques within the coronary arteries, resulting in diminished blood supply to the heart muscle.The clinical manifestations of CAD vary widely, from asymptomatic stages to severe, life-threatening conditions. Understanding these manifestations is crucial for early diagnosis and effective management.Angina Pectoris: The Warning...
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Ischemic Heart Disease: Overview01:17

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Ischemic heart disease occurs when the heart's blood supply dwindles, causing an ominous lack of oxygen and nutrients. This deficiency, stemming from reduced or obstructed blood flow, spells danger, leading to heart muscle damage and dysfunction.
Atherosclerosis, the primary malefactor, orchestrates this dangerous condition. It manifests as the accumulation of fatty deposits, akin to insidious plaques, within arterial walls. As time elapses, these plaques metamorphose, hardening and...
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Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology01:26

Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) originates from a series of events that impair the function of coronary arteries, the blood vessels responsible for delivering oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. The pathophysiology of CAD is closely linked to atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory and lipid-driven condition affecting the vascular endothelium.1. Endothelial DamageThe process begins with damage to the vascular endothelium, which serves as a protective barrier between the blood and the vessel...
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Overview of the Heart01:07

Overview of the Heart

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The heart, a muscular organ located in the chest, functions as the body's pump, circulating blood through the vascular system. It has four chambers: two atria on top and two ventricles below. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and passes it to the right ventricle, which pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and transfers it to the left ventricle, which pumps it to the rest of the body.
The heart's structure...
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Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

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Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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Updated: Aug 25, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Multiplex Detection of Respiratory Viruses
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COVID-19 and the heart.

Andrew Xanthopoulos1, Angeliki Bourazana2, Grigorios Giamouzis2

  • 1Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41110, Greece. andrewvxanth@gmail.com.

World Journal of Clinical Cases
|October 17, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19, leading to diverse cardiovascular complications including heart attacks, myocarditis, heart failure, and arrhythmias. This review details these conditions and their underlying mechanisms.

Keywords:
Acute coronary syndromesArrhythmiasCOVID-19CardiacComplicationsHeart failureMyocarditisVirus

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pulmonology

Background:

  • Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, primarily affects the respiratory system.
  • However, SARS-CoV-2 infection is increasingly linked to significant cardiovascular complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review COVID-19-associated cardiovascular complications.
  • To discuss the primary pathophysiological mechanisms driving these cardiac issues.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on COVID-19 and cardiovascular manifestations.
  • Analysis of pathophysiological pathways linking SARS-CoV-2 infection to cardiac events.

Main Results:

  • COVID-19 can lead to myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome, and myocarditis (affecting ~7% of fatal cases).
  • Heart failure (HF) development is associated with inflammatory cell infiltration and micro-thrombosis.
  • Arrhythmias can arise from direct myocardial damage, HF decompensation, or respiratory failure.

Conclusions:

  • SARS-CoV-2 infection presents a wide spectrum of cardiovascular complications beyond respiratory symptoms.
  • Understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms is crucial for managing COVID-19 patients with cardiac involvement.