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The Carbon Cycle01:14

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Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.
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The Deep Ocean's Carbon Exhaust.

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Global Biogeochemical Cycles
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The Southern Ocean releases old carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere, impacting global climate. Changes in this CO2 release are sensitive to deep ocean carbon chemistry and upwelling.

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Area of Science:

  • Oceanography
  • Climate Science
  • Biogeochemistry

Background:

  • The deep ocean stores significant amounts of pre-industrial carbon dioxide (CO2).
  • Southern Ocean upwelling releases this CO2, counteracting carbon uptake elsewhere and influencing global climate.
  • Understanding these CO2 fluxes is crucial for predicting atmospheric CO2 levels and anthropogenic CO2 uptake.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the source and characteristics of CO2 release from Southern Ocean upwelling.
  • To investigate the factors controlling the partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2) in these waters.
  • To assess the sensitivity of Southern Ocean CO2 fluxes to future upwelling changes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized year-round profiling float measurements to track CO2 release.
  • Employed ship-based measurements to analyze subsurface water chemistry.
  • Characterized the Indo-Pacific Deep Water (IPDW) and its CO2 properties.

Main Results:

  • Identified a specific zonal band of upwelling between the Subantarctic Front and sea-ice edge responsible for CO2 release.
  • Found that Indo-Pacific Deep Water (IPDW) has a high partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2), exceeding atmospheric levels.
  • Determined that decreasing temperatures and increasing alkalinity limit CO2 outgassing from deeper waters.

Conclusions:

  • Southern Ocean CO2 release is linked to IPDW upwelling and its unique carbon chemistry.
  • Vertical profiles of remineralization and dissolution significantly influence CO2 outgassing.
  • Future changes in Southern Ocean CO2 fluxes will depend on subsurface carbon chemistry and upwelling dynamics.