Analytical strategies in neurotransmitter measurements: A mini literature review

Neurotransmitters (NTs) are endogenous, polar, low-molecular-weight compounds that play multiple pivotal roles in the central nervous system. NTs are involved in communicating information, responding to stress, regulating motor coordination, and allowing interneuronal communication in living organisms. It is essential to determine the distribution of NTs in brain regions to better understand drug dependence and abuse, neurological disorders, psychological disorders, and aging. Monitoring NT levels is also important in diagnosing and avoiding serious illnesses. We here review chromatography-based analytical techniques, including pretreatment methods (e.g., microdialysis and solid-phase microextraction), as well as detection strategies (e.g., MS and electrochemistry), focusing on developments in these techniques over the past 5 years. We then highlight recent advances in electrochemical and fluorescence imaging methods in vivo and the disadvantages and advantages of such technologies, including high spatiotemporal resolution, polymer specificity, and high sensitivity. Finally, we summarize and compare the complementary advantages of chromatography-based analytical techniques and biosensors and discuss trends in the development of NT detection technologies.