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Simplified dosing of oral azithromycin for children 1-11 months old in child survival programmes: age-based and
Huiyu Hu1, Ahmed Mamane Arzika2, Ali Sie3
1Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Insights
An age-based azithromycin dosing strategy for infants aged 1-11 months improves accuracy and programme efficiency. This approach ensures safe and effective medication delivery in child survival initiatives.
Area of Science:
- Global Health
- Pediatric Pharmacology
- Infectious Disease Control
Background:
- Trachoma programs use height for azithromycin dosing in children (6 months-15 years).
- WHO recommends azithromycin for infants (1-11 months) to reduce mortality in high-risk settings.
- Previous studies used weight-based dosing for infants (1-5 months); simplified age or height dosing could enhance efficiency.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate simplified dosing strategies for azithromycin in infants (1-11 months) for child survival programs.
- To determine optimal age- or height-based azithromycin dosing to improve accuracy and feasibility.
Main Methods:
- Secondary analysis of two cluster randomized trials on azithromycin for child mortality in Niger and Burkina Faso.
- Developed an algorithm to find optimal age-based doses within 10-30 mg/kg tolerance limits.
- Evaluated existing height-based dosing (trachoma pole) and optimized height-based options.
Main Results:
- A two-tiered age-based approach (80mg for 1-2 months, 160mg for 3-11 months) achieved 89%-93% accuracy.
- A three-tiered approach (80mg, 120mg, 160mg) yielded 93%-94% accuracy.
- The current height pole achieved only 70% accuracy for infants 1-5 months; optimized height dosing requires changes and training.
Conclusions:
- A two-tiered age-based azithromycin dosing strategy offers high accuracy for infants.
- This approach balances concerns of accurate dosing in young children with operational simplicity.
- Age-based dosing is a feasible and effective alternative for mass azithromycin distribution in child survival programs.
Background:
To facilitate mass distribution of azithromycin, trachoma control programmes use height instead of weight to determine dose for children 6 months to 15 years old. WHO has recommended azithromycin distribution to children 1-11 months old to reduce mortality in high mortality settings under carefully monitored conditions. Weight was used to determine dose in children 1-5 months old in studies of azithromycin distribution for child survival, but a simplified approach using age or height for all aged 1-11 months old could increase programme efficiency in real-world settings.
Methods:
This secondary analysis used data from two cluster randomised trials of azithromycin distribution for child mortality in Niger and Burkina Faso. An exhaustive search algorithm was developed to determine the optimal dose for different age groups, using tolerance limits of 10-20 mg/kg for children 1-2 months old and 15-30 mg/kg for children 3-11 months old. Height-based dosing was evaluated against the existing trachoma dosing pole and with a similar exhaustive search.
Results:
The optimal two-tiered age-based approach suggested a dose of 80 mg (2 mL) for children 1-2 months old and 160 mg (4 mL) for children 3-11 months old. Under this schedule, 89%-93% of children would have received doses within tolerance limits in both study populations. Accuracy was 93%-94% with a three-tiered approach, which resulted in doses of 80 mg (2 mL), 120 mg (3 mL) and 160 mg (4 mL) for children 1-2, 3-4 and 5-11 months old, respectively. For children 1-5 months old, the existing height pole would result in 70% of doses within tolerance limits. The optimisation identified height-based dosing options with 95% accuracy, although this would require changes to the existing dosing pole as well as additional training to measure infants lying flat.
Conclusions:
Overall, an age-based approach with two age tiers resulted in high accuracy while considering both concerns about overdosing in this young population and simplicity of field operations.
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