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Related Concept Videos

Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

Polymer Classification: Architecture

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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview01:13

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Heterocyclic aromatic compounds are cyclic compounds that are aromatic and have one or more heteroatoms—atoms other than carbon, in the ring. Depending upon the number of atoms present in the ring, they can be either five or six-membered. Examples of five-membered heterocyclic aromatic compounds include pyrrole, furan, thiophene, and imidazole. Pyrrole consists of one nitrogen atom having one lone pair of electrons. Furan and thiophene have one oxygen and one sulfur heteroatom,...
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Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
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Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
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Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

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Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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Updated: Aug 25, 2025

Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks COFs: A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface
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Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks COFs: A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface

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Three-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks: From Synthesis to Applications.

Xinyu Guan1,2, Fengqian Chen1, Shilun Qiu1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|October 17, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (3D COFs) offer superior properties for various applications. This review details preparation strategies and applications of 3D COFs, addressing key challenges for their advancement.

Keywords:
Covalent Organic FrameworksCrystalline Porous MaterialsCrystallizationFunctionalization

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemistry

Background:

  • Three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (3D COFs) exhibit enhanced surface areas and active sites compared to 2D versions.
  • Challenges in crystallization and stability hinder the practical application of 3D COFs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review strategies for preparing functional 3D COFs.
  • To present diverse applications of 3D COFs.
  • To discuss future challenges and perspectives in the field.

Main Methods:

  • Summarizing crystallization techniques for 3D COF synthesis.
  • Reviewing functionalization methods for tailored material properties.
  • Compiling applications in adsorption, separation, catalysis, fluorescence, sensing, and batteries.

Main Results:

  • Various strategies exist for preparing functional 3D COFs.
  • 3D COFs show promise in adsorption, separation, catalysis, fluorescence, sensing, and batteries.
  • Key challenges in stability and scalability need further research.

Conclusions:

  • Overcoming crystallization and stability issues is crucial for advancing 3D COF applications.
  • Continued research into synthesis and functionalization will unlock the full potential of 3D COFs.
  • Future work should focus on practical implementation and addressing current limitations.