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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Laser Physics

    Background:

    • Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are crucial components in optical communication and sensing.
    • Achieving ultra-narrow linewidths in VCSELs is essential for high-resolution spectroscopy and metrology.
    • Traditional linewidth reduction methods often involve complex external cavities or specialized fabrication.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate an ultra-narrow linewidth VCSEL.
    • To investigate the use of Rayleigh backscattering (RBS) for weak external-cavity feedback.
    • To achieve precise wavelength tuning and analyze linewidth stability.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a VCSEL with an external-cavity configuration.
    • Incorporated a fiber exhibiting Rayleigh backscattering (RBS) to provide weak distributed feedback.
    • Controlled feedback level at -27.6 dB.
    • Adjusted the thermal resistance of the VCSEL to tune the wavelength.
    • Measured linewidth and contrast using appropriate optical instrumentation.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved a single longitudinal mode VCSEL with an ultra-narrow linewidth of 435 Hz.
    • Obtained a side-mode suppression ratio (contrast) of 55 dB.
    • Demonstrated wavelength tunability from 1543.324 nm to 1542.06 nm by varying thermal resistance.
    • Observed linewidth fluctuations between 553 Hz and 419 Hz during tuning.

    Conclusions:

    • Rayleigh backscattering (RBS) is an effective method for achieving weak external-cavity feedback in VCSELs.
    • The demonstrated VCSEL exhibits excellent linewidth performance and tunability.
    • This technique offers a promising pathway for developing compact, high-performance lasers for various applications.