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MOSFET Amplifiers01:17

MOSFET Amplifiers

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The MOSFET, when operating in its active region, functions as a voltage-controlled current source. In this region, the gate-to-source voltage controls the drain current. This principle underlies the operation of the transconductance MOSFET amplifier. The output current is directed through a load resistor to convert this amplifier into a voltage amplifier. The output voltage is then obtained by subtracting the voltage drop across the load resistance from the supply voltage. This process results...
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MOS Capacitor01:25

MOS Capacitor

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A Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) capacitor is a fundamental structure used extensively in semiconductor device technology, particularly in the fabrication of integrated circuits and MOSFETs (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors). The MOS capacitor consists of three layers: a metal gate, a dielectric oxide, and a semiconductor substrate.
The metal gate is typically made from highly conductive materials such as aluminum or polysilicon. Beneath the metal gate lies a thin layer of...
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Oscillations In An LC Circuit01:30

Oscillations In An LC Circuit

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An idealized LC circuit of zero resistance can oscillate without any source of emf by shifting the energy stored in the circuit between the electric and magnetic fields. In such an LC circuit, if the capacitor contains a charge q before the switch is closed, then all the energy of the circuit is initially stored in the electric field of the capacitor. This energy is given by
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Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit01:20

Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit

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In integrated circuit technology, a capacitance multiplier is often utilized to produce a larger capacitance value when a small physical capacitance falls short. This is achieved by a circuit that multiplies capacitance values by a factor of up to 1000, such that a 10-pF capacitor can replicate the performance of a 100-nF capacitor.
The circuit illustrated in Figure 1 below incorporates two op-amps, with the first operating as a voltage follower and the second acting as an inverting amplifier.
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RLC Circuit as a Damped Oscillator01:30

RLC Circuit as a Damped Oscillator

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An RLC circuit combines a resistor, inductor, and capacitor, connected in a series or parallel combination.
Consider a series RLC circuit. Here, the presence of resistance in the circuit leads to energy loss due to joule heating in the resistance. Therefore, the total electromagnetic energy in the circuit is no longer constant and decreases with time. Since the magnitude of charge, current, and potential difference continuously decreases, their oscillations are said to be damped. This is...
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MOSFET: Enhancement Mode01:22

MOSFET: Enhancement Mode

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Enhancement-mode MOSFETs are pivotal components in electronics, distinguished by their capacity to act as highly efficient switches. They are part of the larger family of metal-oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs). They are available in two types: p-channel and n-channel, each tailored to specific polarity operations.
In their basic form, enhancement-mode MOSFETs are typically non-conductive when the gate-source voltage (Vgs) is zero. This default 'off' state means no...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 25, 2025

Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets
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CMOS-compatible compact optical isolator based on space-time modulated coupled resonators.

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    Summary

    This study demonstrates magnet-free optical isolation using phase-shifted time-modulations in coupled resonators. This compact, CMOS-compatible device achieves high isolation with low loss, paving the way for advanced photonic integrated circuits.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics
    • Optical Engineering
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Optical isolators are crucial for preventing back-reflections in photonic systems.
    • Existing optical isolators often rely on bulky magnetic materials or complex fabrication processes.
    • Developing compact, on-chip, magnet-free isolators is a key challenge in integrated photonics.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate a novel approach for achieving high-performance optical isolation without magnetic materials.
    • To engineer phase-shifted time-modulations in coupled resonators for efficient light control.
    • To realize a compact and CMOS-compatible optical isolator device.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a coupled mode theory model for near-field coupled resonators.
    • Optimization of device performance using simulated annealing algorithms.
    • Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations to validate the design in a 1D photonic crystal waveguide.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved magnet-free optical isolation exceeding 40 dB.
    • Demonstrated low insertion loss below 1 dB.
    • Verified device operation with modulation frequencies under 25 GHz.
    • Proposed a silicon-based, CMOS-compatible fabrication approach.

    Conclusions:

    • Phase-shifted time-modulations in coupled resonators offer a viable path to compact, magnet-free optical isolation.
    • The proposed photonic crystal waveguide implementation is compatible with standard silicon fabrication.
    • This technology holds promise for integrated photonic circuits requiring robust optical isolation.