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Related Concept Videos

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors01:19

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

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α-glucosidase inhibitors, including acarbose (Precose), miglitol (Glyset), and voglibose (Voglib) (primarily available in Asia), are drugs that control blood sugar levels by delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. They achieve this by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes in the intestine, which slow the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine, which in turn leads to a prolonged release of the glucoregulatory hormone GLP-1 from intestinal L-cells.
Acarbose and miglitol are...
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Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

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Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
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Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones01:26

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Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood...
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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 25, 2025

Glycemic Impact on Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms on Physical, Radiographic, and Inflammatory Markers among Individuals Aged 50 and Over with Diabetes
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Relationship between Glycaemic Control and Oral Immunologic Proteins.

O A Olayanju1, I N Mba2, O O Akinmola3

  • 1Department of Chemical Pathology, Ben Carson Snr College of Health and Medical Science, Babcock University, Ilisan, Nigeria.

West African Journal of Medicine
|October 19, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Glycaemic control in diabetic patients does not affect salivary immunologic protein levels. Maintaining good oral hygiene is crucial for preventing oral complications in diabetics.

Keywords:
DiabetesGlycaemic controlImmunologic proteinsOral cavitySalivary proteins

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Area of Science:

  • Oral immunology
  • Diabetology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Diabetic patients often experience oral infections despite salivary immunologic proteins.
  • Good glycaemic control is essential for preventing diabetic complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of glycaemic control on salivary immunologic protein levels in diabetic patients.

Main Methods:

  • Measured salivary lysozyme, histatins, immunoglobulin A (IgA), and immunoglobulin G (IgG).
  • Compared protein levels between diabetic patients with HbA1c < 7% (good control) and HbA1c ≥ 7% (poor control).

Main Results:

  • No significant differences were observed in salivary lysozyme, histatins, IgA, or IgG levels between groups with good and poor glycaemic control.
  • Participant data included 37 with good control (median HbA1c 6.3%) and 58 with poor control (median HbA1c 9.1%).

Conclusions:

  • Glycaemic control does not appear to influence salivary immunologic protein levels in diabetic individuals.
  • Emphasis on diligent oral care is recommended to mitigate oral health issues in diabetic patients.