A Review of Routine Laboratory Biomarkers for the Detection of Severe COVID-19 Disease

As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, there is an urgent need to identify clinical and laboratory predictors of disease severity and prognosis. Once the coronavirus enters the cell, it triggers additional events via different signaling pathways. Cellular and molecular deregulation evoked by coronavirus infection can manifest as changes in laboratory findings. Understanding the relationship between laboratory biomarkers and COVID-19 outcomes would help in developing a risk-stratified approach to the treatment of patients with this disease. The purpose of this review is to investigate the role of hematological (white blood cell (WBC), lymphocyte, and neutrophil count, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet, and red blood cell (RBC) count), inflammatory (C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)), and biochemical (Albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, D-dimer, total Cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)) biomarkers in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 disease and how their levels vary according to disease severity.