Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 24, 2025

High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum
Published on: November 23, 2013
Cytokines/chemokines and soluble immune checkpoint molecules in anti-GABAB receptor encephalitis
Shan Qiao1, Yunfang Xie2, Haiyun Li3
1Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China; Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
Background:
Anti-gamma-aminobutyric-acid B receptor (anti-GABABR) encephalitis is a rare form of autoimmune limbic encephalitis (ALE) that is closely associated with tumor comorbidity. The purpose of this study is to identify the expressive pattern of cytokines/ chemokines and soluble immune checkpoint molecules (sICMs) in anti-GABABR encephalitis in order to evaluate the clinical condition and provide new treatment options.
Methods:
A total of 40 cytokines/chemokines and 10 sICMs in the serum of 10 patients with anti-GABABR encephalitis and eight controls were measured. The differentially expressed cytokines/chemokines and sICMs were selected to explore the correlations with disease prognosis, CSF routine and antibody titers.
Results:
Eight cytokines/chemokines were found to be more abundant in patients than in healthy donors (HDs), while 14 were found to be less abundant in patients. In terms of sICMs, patients' serum contained higher level of soluble ICOS and ICOSL but lower level of soluble CD86. Unfavorable prognosis was associated with high serum level of PDGFB, IL-17A, and soluble ICOSL but not with low levels of IL-4. Increased levels of IL-17A, CCL15, and soluble ICOS were found frequently in the patients with CSF-exclusive OCBs, while soluble ICOSL and CCL24 expression was lower in these patients. High levels of IL-1 F2 and TCA-3 were correlated with the presence of tumors in patients.
Conclusion:
The majority of patients with anti- GABABR encephalitis had an unfavorable prognosis in one year of follow-up. Serum PDGFB, IL-17A, IL-4 and soluble ICOSL level were associated with the poor clinical outcomes in one-year follow up.
More Related Videos
08:20Hippocampal Neuronal Cultures to Detect and Study New Pathogenic Antibodies Involved in Autoimmune Encephalitis
Published on: June 2, 2022
10:50Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo
Published on: March 26, 2019
Related Concept Videos
Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for...
Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism
Immunoglobulin-like Cell Adhesion Molecules
Ig-CAMs exhibit either homophilic binding (to other Ig-CAMs) or heterophilic binding (to other ligands such as integrins). While most Ig-CAMs...