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Related Concept Videos

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

246
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
246
Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

543
Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
543
Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

253
Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
253
Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers01:08

Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers

809
Antiepileptic drugs are specialized medications that prevent seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. These drugs primarily function by blocking the movement of sodium ions through channels in the neuronal membrane, inhibiting the repetitive firing of action potentials often associated with seizures.
Sodium channel blockers modulate ion channels, particularly voltage-gated sodium channels. They block only sodium ion movement.
Among the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs are...
809
Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators

541
γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for...
541
Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

484
Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
484

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Updated: Aug 24, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancing Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery in Children Through Novel Biomarkers and Enhanced Localization
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Epilepsy in Older Persons.

Sofia Toniolo1, Michele Romoli2, Arjune Sen3

  • 1Cognitive Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, 3rd Floor, West Wing, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.

Neurologic Clinics
|October 21, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epilepsy management in older adults is often overlooked, despite its increasing prevalence. Tailored treatment is crucial due to unique challenges like unusual seizure presentations and complex comorbidities in this growing population.

Keywords:
ComorbidityDementiaElderlyPsychosocial impactSeizure

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Neurology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Epilepsy is increasingly prevalent in the aging global population.
  • Older adults with early-onset epilepsy are living longer, escalating prevalence.
  • Management of epilepsy in this demographic presents unique challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the challenges in diagnosing and managing epilepsy in older individuals.
  • To emphasize the need for tailored treatment strategies considering comorbidities and polypharmacy.
  • To identify research priorities, particularly the interplay between epilepsy, dementia, and vascular disease.

Main Methods:

  • This study is a review of current literature and clinical considerations for epilepsy in older adults.
  • It synthesizes information on diagnostic difficulties, atypical seizure presentations, and treatment limitations.
  • It discusses the complex relationship between epilepsy, comorbidities, and polypharmacy in the elderly.

Main Results:

  • Epilepsy diagnosis and management in older adults are complicated by unusual seizure manifestations.
  • Comorbidities and polypharmacy in older individuals necessitate individualized drug choices and treatment plans.
  • The co-occurrence of epilepsy, dementia, and vascular disease requires further research.

Conclusions:

  • Optimizing epilepsy management in older adults requires specific attention and tailored approaches.
  • Further research into the epilepsy-dementia-vascular disease nexus is a priority for this vulnerable population.
  • Interventions targeting these interrelationships could reduce adverse outcomes in aging individuals with epilepsy.