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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 24, 2025

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Transparent by choice: Proactive disclosures increase compliance with digital defaults.

Yavor Paunov1, Tobias Vogel2, Moritz Ingendahl3

  • 1Division of Philosophy, School of Architecture and the Building Environment, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.

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Summary

Defaults can influence choices, but transparency matters. Voluntary disclosures about default nudges are more effective than mandated ones, as people prefer them when they are not forced.

Keywords:
defaultsdigitalnudgingproactivetransparencyvoluntary

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Economics
  • Human-Computer Interaction
  • Digital Ethics

Background:

  • Defaults are effective choice-influencing tools in online environments, used for purposes like promoting sustainable behavior or cookie acceptance.
  • Ethical concerns arise regarding defaults due to their covert influence, leading to regulations for transparency in digital decision-making.
  • Current transparency mandates often involve complex legal information, potentially impacting nudge effectiveness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether the effectiveness of proactive default nudges persists under mandated transparency conditions.
  • To differentiate between voluntary (proactive) and mandated transparency in influencing user choices regarding defaults.
  • To assess user perception and choice behavior when faced with different transparency disclosure types.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted two empirical studies with 364 respondents.
  • Presented participants with scenarios involving default options and varying levels of transparency disclosures (voluntary vs. mandated).
  • Analyzed user differentiation between proactive and mandated transparency and their subsequent choices.

Main Results:

  • Respondents clearly distinguished between proactive and mandated transparency disclosures.
  • Participants chose the default option significantly more often when the transparency disclosure was voluntary compared to mandated.
  • The findings suggest that mandated transparency may reduce the effectiveness of default nudges.

Conclusions:

  • Proactive transparency in default settings is perceived differently and leads to higher default choice rates than mandated transparency.
  • The study challenges the assumption that all disclosures reduce nudge effectiveness, highlighting the importance of disclosure type.
  • Results have implications for designing ethical and effective digital decision aids and inform future regulatory approaches to online transparency.