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Skin Diseases and Disorders

Skin Diseases and Disorders

Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. The defect is primarily...

Skin Cancer

Skin Cancer

Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...

Pigmentation

Pigmentation

The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sebaceous Glands

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sebaceous Glands

A sebaceous gland is a type of oil gland found almost all over the skin ( except palms and soles) and helps lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair. Most sebaceous glands are associated with hair follicles. They generate and excrete sebum, a mixture of lipids, onto the skin surface, thereby naturally lubricating the dry and dead layer of keratinized cells of the stratum corneum, keeping it pliable.
These glands that produce the oils on the skin and hair are holocrine glands. The mature...

Papillary Dermis

Papillary Dermis

Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
The papillary layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 24, 2025

Demonstration of Cutaneous Allodynia in Association with Chronic Pelvic Pain

Demonstration of Cutaneous Allodynia in Association with Chronic Pelvic Pain

Published on: June 23, 2009

[Cutaneous Manifestations during Pregnancy].

Ana Catarina Pinheiro¹, Catarina Queirós², António Sousa Alvim¹

¹Unidade de Saúde Familiar Rodrigues Miguéis. Lisboa. Portugal.

Acta Medica Portuguesa

|October 24, 2022

Summary

Pregnancy causes significant skin changes, including specific dermatoses that can affect fetal health. Early recognition and multidisciplinary care are crucial for managing maternal and fetal well-being.

Keywords:

Pregnancy Complications Skin Diseases Skin Manifestations

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Area of Science:

Dermatology
Obstetrics
Maternal-Fetal Medicine

Context:

Pregnancy involves significant skin changes impacting women's lives.
Cutaneous manifestations are categorized into physiological, modified pre-existing, and pregnancy-specific dermatoses.
Pregnancy-specific dermatoses pose risks to fetal well-being.

Purpose:

To highlight the diagnostic challenges of pregnancy dermatoses.
To emphasize the importance of clinical history and physical examination.
To guide primary care clinicians in managing and referring patients.

Summary:

Dermatoses of pregnancy present diagnostic challenges due to varied clinical presentations.
Accurate diagnosis relies on detailed clinical history and thorough physical examination.
Primary care should manage, treat, and refer patients appropriately, considering maternal and fetal risks.

Impact:

Early recognition and management of pregnancy dermatoses improve maternal symptomatic relief.
Minimizing fetal risk is achievable through timely and concurrent multidisciplinary team interventions.
A collaborative approach involving dermatologists, pediatricians, obstetricians, and family physicians is essential for optimal outcomes.