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Types of Toxins

Types of Toxins

Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...

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Updated: Aug 24, 2025

Assessment of the Acute Inhalation Toxicity of Airborne Particles by Exposing Cultivated Human Lung Cells at the Air-Liquid Interface

Assessment of the Acute Inhalation Toxicity of Airborne Particles by Exposing Cultivated Human Lung Cells at the Air-Liquid Interface

Published on: February 23, 2020

New approach methods for assessing indoor air toxicity.

Marika Mannerström¹, Marketa Dvorakova², Lada Svobodova^2,3

¹The Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Arvo Ylpön katu 1, 33014 Tampere University, Finland.

Current Research in Toxicology

|October 25, 2022

Summary

Indoor air toxicity assessment using new methods reveals health risks from chemical mixtures. A sensitive THP-1 macrophage assay effectively screens for cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and endocrine disruption.

Keywords:

Endocrine disruption Immunological activation Indoor air toxicity Mixture toxicity New approach methods THP-1 macrophage/WST-1 assay

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Published on: March 18, 2019

Area of Science:

Environmental Health
Toxicology
In Vitro Assays

Background:

Indoor air contains chemical mixtures that can pose health risks.
Assessing indoor air quality requires evaluating potential toxicity beyond individual chemical analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the toxicity of indoor air condensates using new approach methodologies.
To determine if chemical composition correlates with observed biological effects in indoor air samples.

Main Methods:

Application of in vitro tests: cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity, skin sensitization, and endocrine disruption assays.
Targeted analysis of 25 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and Genapol X-80.
Non-targeted total chemical scan of indoor air samples.

Main Results:

Detected cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity, skin sensitization, and endocrine disruption despite inability to detect target VOCs and Genapol X-80.
Non-targeted chemical scans showed more compounds in cytotoxic samples, supporting biological findings.
The THP-1 macrophage/WST-1 assay demonstrated sensitivity and broad applicability for sub-toxic endpoints.

Conclusions:

Assessing indoor air health risks solely by analyzing individual chemicals is inadequate.
The THP-1 macrophage/WST-1 assay is recommended for screening indoor air quality due to its sensitivity and representation of various toxicological endpoints.