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Related Concept Videos

Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Membrane Asymmetry Regulating Transporters01:19

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Enzymes like flippase, floppase, and scramblase transfer phospholipids from one layer to another in the membrane, thereby affecting membrane asymmetry.
Flippase
Eukaryotic flippases are type-IV P-type ATPases or P4-ATPases belonging to P-type ATPase family proteins that are membrane-bound pumps involved in the ATP-mediated transport of ions and molecules across the membrane. Flippases flip specific phospholipids from the outer to the inner leaflet of a membrane. All P4-ATPases have one...
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Subviral Agents01:29

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Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Viral Structure

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Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
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Analysis of Group IV Viral SSHHPS Using In Vitro and In Silico Methods
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Scramblases and virus infection.

Dan Tang1, Yichang Wang1, Xiuju Dong1

  • 1Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.

Bioessays : News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
|October 26, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Scramblase proteins regulate cell membrane lipids, crucial for viral infections like HIV and SARS-CoV-2. This review explores how viruses exploit host scramblases for their life cycles.

Keywords:
TMEM16FTMEM41BVMP1Xkr8apoptotic mimicryphosphatidylserinephospholipid distributionscramblasevirus infection

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Virology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Cellular membranes maintain asymmetric lipid distribution via flippases, floppases, and scramblases.
  • Scramblases facilitate energy-independent phospholipid movement across the lipid bilayer.
  • Altered lipid distribution, particularly phosphatidylserine externalization, is increasingly linked to viral pathogenesis.

Approach:

  • Reviewing existing literature on scramblase function in cellular physiology.
  • Analyzing studies connecting viral infections with cellular lipid asymmetry.
  • Investigating the role of specific viruses (HIV, Zika, EBOV, Influenza, Dengue, SARS-CoV-2) and their reliance on scramblases.

Key Points:

  • Scramblases are essential for the life cycle of numerous viruses, including enveloped viruses.
  • Phosphatidylserine externalization, mediated by scramblases, is a common mechanism exploited by viruses.
  • Viral effector proteins may directly or indirectly manipulate host scramblase activity.

Conclusions:

  • Scramblases represent a critical host factor for viral infection and pathogenicity.
  • Understanding viral interactions with scramblases offers potential targets for antiviral therapies.
  • Further research into viral effector proteins and their modulation of host scramblases is warranted.