[Modern problems of hyper- and hypoparathyroidism].

Area of Science:

• Endocrinology
• Mineral Metabolism

Background:

• The parathyroid glands, crucial for mineral metabolism, were discovered in 1880 and their function was long unrecognized.
• Initial misconceptions led to the term "parathyroid gland," implying an underdeveloped thyroid component.

Approach:

• This review synthesizes current data on parathyroid gland function and dysfunction.
• It examines major disturbances in calcium-phosphorus metabolism.
• The study includes patient database results for primary hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism, alongside epidemiological trends.

Key Points:

• Parathyroid dysfunction leads to widespread diseases such as primary, secondary, and tertiary hyperparathyroidism, and hypoparathyroidism.
• Calcium-phosphorus metabolism is significantly impacted by parathyroid gland activity.
• Epidemiological data from Russia and worldwide are presented.

Conclusions:

• Understanding parathyroid gland function is vital for managing mineral metabolism disorders.
• This review highlights the prevalence and trends of parathyroid diseases globally.
• Further research into these endocrine disorders is warranted.