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Pilot and Numeric Relaying01:21

Pilot and Numeric Relaying

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Pilot relaying is a type of differential protection used in power systems. It compares electrical quantities at the terminals of equipment via a communication channel instead of direct relay interconnection. This method is essential for transmission lines where the terminals are far apart, typically up to 80 km for lines with 69 to 115 kV ratings. Four types of communication channels are used for pilot relaying:
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Maximum Power Transfer01:16

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Numerous practical applications within engineering disciplines, such as telecommunications, necessitate optimizing power delivery to a connected load. This pursuit, however, entails inherent internal losses, which can either equal or exceed the power supplied to the load. The Thevenin equivalent circuit is helpful in finding the maximum power a linear circuit can deliver to a load. It is assumed in this context that the load resistance can be adjusted.
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Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and...
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Transmission Line Design Considerations01:23

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Aluminum has become the material of choice for overhead transmission lines, surpassing copper due to its abundance and cost-effectiveness. The most prevalent type is the aluminum conductor, steel-reinforced (ACSR), which combines aluminum strands around a steel core. Other variants include all-aluminum conductors (AAC), all-aluminum alloy conductors (AAAC), aluminum conductor alloy-reinforced (ACAR), and aluminum-clad steel conductors. Advanced designs, such as aluminum conductors with steel...
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Directional Relays01:25

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Directional relays, essential for managing unidirectional fault currents, enhance the safety and efficiency of power systems. On power lines equipped with directional relays, faults downstream (to the right) of the current transformer typically cause the fault current to lag the bus voltage by approximately 90 degrees, known as the forward direction. In contrast, upstream (left-side) faults may result in the fault current leading the bus voltage by nearly 90 degrees, termed the reverse...
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Network Function of a Circuit01:25

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Frequency response analysis in electrical circuits provides vital insights into a circuit's behavior as the frequency of the input signal changes. The transfer function, a mathematical tool, is instrumental in understanding this behavior. It defines the relationship between phasor output and input and comes in four types: voltage gain, current gain, transfer impedance, and transfer admittance. The critical components of the transfer function are the poles and zeros.
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Automated Deployment of an Internet Protocol Telephony Service on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Using Network Functions Virtualization
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Virtual Traffic Light Implementation on a Roadside Unit over 802.11p Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments.

Robert Wong1, Jack White1, Sumanjit Gill1

  • 1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, California State University, Fresno, CA 93740, USA.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|October 27, 2022
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Summary

This study introduces a solar-powered Road-Side Unit-based Virtual Intersection Management (RSU-VIM) system to improve safety at rural blind intersections. The system uses connected vehicles to reduce accidents caused by poor visibility and lack of infrastructure.

Keywords:
IEEE 802.11p standardIntelligent Transportation Systemsautonomous vehiclessmart transportationvehicle routingvehicular automationwireless communication

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Area of Science:

  • Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)
  • Wireless Communication Networks
  • Traffic Engineering

Background:

  • Blind intersections, common in rural areas, pose significant safety risks due to poor visibility and high speeds.
  • The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) offers a framework for enhancing road safety through vehicle communication.
  • Existing infrastructure is often insufficient in rural settings to mitigate intersection hazards.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel Road-Side Unit-based Virtual Intersection Management (RSU-VIM) system tailored for rural environments.
  • To enhance safety and traffic flow at blind intersections using connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs).
  • To develop a lightweight, solar-powered RSU solution for improved accessibility and sustainability.

Main Methods:

  • Implementation of a lightweight, solar-powered Road-Side Unit (RSU) using a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA).
  • Development and adaptation of the RSU-VIM algorithm for virtual traffic light management.
  • Utilizing IEEE 802.11p for vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication within the IoV framework.

Main Results:

  • The proposed RSU-VIM system demonstrated a simulated cloud delay of 0.0841 seconds.
  • The overall system achieved a low latency of 0.4067 seconds.
  • The system exhibited high reliability, reaching 98.611%.

Conclusions:

  • The RSU-VIM system effectively addresses visibility issues at blind intersections in rural areas.
  • The proposed solution offers a viable and reliable method for improving traffic safety within the IoV paradigm.
  • The lightweight, solar-powered RSU is suitable for deployment in resource-constrained rural environments.