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MOSFET: Enhancement Mode01:22

MOSFET: Enhancement Mode

448
Enhancement-mode MOSFETs are pivotal components in electronics, distinguished by their capacity to act as highly efficient switches. They are part of the larger family of metal-oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs). They are available in two types: p-channel and n-channel, each tailored to specific polarity operations.
In their basic form, enhancement-mode MOSFETs are typically non-conductive when the gate-source voltage (Vgs) is zero. This default 'off' state means no...
448
Zones of Protection01:16

Zones of Protection

298
In power systems, the entire setup is divided into protective zones to isolate faults and protect the rest of the network. These zones include generators, transformers, buses, transmission lines, distribution lines, and motors. Each zone can be visualized as a separate room in a house, with each room protected by its own circuit breaker.
Protective zones are defined by closed dashed lines, containing one or more components. A key characteristic of these zones is the strategic placement of...
298
Line Protection with Impedance Relays01:27

Line Protection with Impedance Relays

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Coordinating time-delay overcurrent relays in complex radial systems and directional overcurrent relays in multi-source transmission loops can be challenging. Impedance relays address these issues by responding to the voltage-to-current ratio, specifically measuring the apparent impedance of a line. These relays become more sensitive during faults as current increases and voltage decreases, thereby reducing the apparent impedance.
Under normal conditions, low load currents keep the measured...
123
Pilot and Numeric Relaying01:21

Pilot and Numeric Relaying

128
Pilot relaying is a type of differential protection used in power systems. It compares electrical quantities at the terminals of equipment via a communication channel instead of direct relay interconnection. This method is essential for transmission lines where the terminals are far apart, typically up to 80 km for lines with 69 to 115 kV ratings. Four types of communication channels are used for pilot relaying:
128
MOSFET: Depletion Mode01:20

MOSFET: Depletion Mode

450
Depletion-mode MOSFETs represent a unique subset of MOSFET technology, functioning fundamentally differently from their enhancement-mode counterparts. Unlike enhancement MOSFETs, which require a positive gate-source voltage (Vgs) to turn on, depletion-mode MOSFETs are inherently conductive and "normally on" devices.
The primary characteristic of depletion-mode MOSFETs is their ability to conduct current between the drain and source terminals without gate bias. This inherent conductivity...
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IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

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Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and...
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Updated: Aug 23, 2025

Data Communication Based on MQTT in a Polymer Extrusion Process
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Data Communication Based on MQTT in a Polymer Extrusion Process

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Enhanced Modbus/TCP Security Protocol: Authentication and Authorization Functions Supported.

Tiago Martins1, Sergio Vidal Garcia Oliveira1,2

  • 1Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Joinville 89219-710, Brazil.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|October 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human users pose the primary risk to operational technology (OT) security. This study enhances the Modbus/TCP Security protocol with authentication and authorization to prevent unauthorized access, ensuring OT network integrity.

Keywords:
IEC 62443IIoTModbusRBACZero Trustaccess controlautomationcybersecurityindustry 4.0

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Area of Science:

  • Cybersecurity
  • Industrial Control Systems Security

Background:

  • Human users represent a significant vulnerability in operational technology (OT) environments, despite the adoption of Zero Trust in information technology (IT).
  • Existing Modbus/TCP protocols lack robust authentication and authorization mechanisms, leaving OT systems susceptible to unauthorized access.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance the Modbus/TCP Security protocol by integrating authentication and authorization functions.
  • To implement an access control method for industrial automation control systems (IACS) that verifies human users before granting network access.

Main Methods:

  • Developed and integrated username/password-based authentication and authorization functions into the Modbus/TCP Security protocol.
  • Utilized a man-in-the-middle (MITM) component to intermediate and validate client-server communications.
  • Implemented the proposed security enhancements and access control method using the Node-RED programming platform.

Main Results:

  • The implemented authentication and authorization functions successfully addressed the security risks posed by human users in OT deployments.
  • The Node-RED platform facilitated the practical implementation and testing of the enhanced Modbus/TCP Security protocol.
  • Tests confirmed the potential and applicability of the proposed access control method for securing IACS.

Conclusions:

  • The enhanced Modbus/TCP Security protocol effectively mitigates unauthorized access risks in OT environments.
  • Username and password-based access control, validated through MITM, is a viable security measure for IACS.
  • The proposed solution offers a practical and applicable approach to improving OT security against human-related threats.