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Taste Buds and Receptors01:20

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Gustation, or the sense of taste, is intrinsically linked to the anatomical structures located on the tongue. This organ's surface, along with the entirety of the oral cavity, is adorned with stratified squamous epithelium. Evident on the tongue are elevated structures known as papillae (singular = papilla), which house the mechanisms for the transduction of gustatory stimuli. Four distinct types of papillae exist, each identified by their unique morphological attributes: the circumvallate,...
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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Conditioned taste aversion, also known as sauce béarnaise syndrome, is a phenomenon in which an individual develops an aversion to a certain food taste following a negative experience, typically illness. This form of aversion is a type of classical conditioning in which the taste of the food (conditioned stimulus, CS) is associated with the experience of illness (unconditioned stimulus, UCS).
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The perception of a salty flavor is facilitated by sodium ions within the oral salivary fluid. Upon consumption of a salty substance, salt crystals disassemble, leading to the liberation of its constituents—Na+ and Cl- ions. These ions subsequently dissolve into the salivary fluid present in the oral cavity. The external environment of the gustatory cells experiences an elevation in Na+ concentration, thereby establishing a potent concentration gradient. This gradient propels the...
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Long-Term COVID-19 Smell and Taste Disorders Differ Significantly from Other Post-Infectious Cases.

Dovile Stankevice1, Alexander Wieck Fjaeldstad1,2, Jane Agergaard3

  • 1University Clinic for Flavour, Balance and Sleep, ENT Department, Goedstrup Hospital, Herning, Denmark.

The Laryngoscope
|October 28, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Post-COVID-19 olfactory disorders differ from other post-infectious smell and taste issues. Patients with COVID-19 often experience distorted senses, impacting quality of life more significantly.

Keywords:
COVID-19long-term sequelaesmell and taste disorders

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Neurology

Background:

  • COVID-19 presents diverse clinical manifestations, including significant olfactory and gustatory dysfunction.
  • Olfactory disorders affect up to 86% of mild to moderate COVID-19 cases, with potential long-lasting sequelae.
  • Comparing post-COVID-19 smell/taste disorders with other post-infectious conditions is crucial for understanding unique characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare smell and taste disorders in simple and complex post-COVID-19 cases with matched non-COVID-19 post-infectious cases.
  • To identify distinct features and prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in post-COVID-19 patients.
  • To evaluate the impact of these disorders on patients' quality of life.

Main Methods:

  • Recruitment of 328 patients, including 180 post-COVID-19 cases (99 simple, 81 complex) and 148 matched non-COVID-19 post-infectious cases.
  • Utilized patient-reported outcome measures (PROM), quality of life (QoL) scores, and objective tests: ENT examination, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), orthonasal smell test, retronasal quick test, and taste screening.
  • Matched non-COVID-19 patients by the duration of smell and taste disorders.

Main Results:

  • Post-COVID-19 patients were younger, with lower rates of complete smell/taste loss (anosmia/ageusia) but higher scores on smell tests compared to non-COVID-19 cases.
  • Distorted senses (parosmia, phantosmia) were more frequent in post-COVID-19 patients, particularly those with simple olfactory disorders.
  • Simple post-COVID-19 olfactory complaints led to a more significant negative impact on quality of life compared to complex cases and non-COVID-19 controls.

Conclusions:

  • Smell and taste function exhibit significant differences between post-COVID-19 and other post-viral olfactory dysfunction.
  • COVID-19-related smell and taste disorders are characterized by a higher prevalence of sensory distortion and a distinct impact on quality of life.
  • Further research is warranted to elucidate the specific mechanisms and long-term outcomes of post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction.