Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 23, 2025

A Syngeneic Mouse Model of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma for Quantitative and Longitudinal Assessment of Preclinical Therapies
Published on: April 12, 2017
Current Options for Second-Line Systemic Therapy in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma
Iraklis C Mitsogiannis1, Maria Mitsogianni2, Maria Papathanassiou3
1Second Department of Urology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Sismanoglio General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
Abstract:
Standard systemic therapy of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) involves targeting angiogenesis, mainly through tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) against the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) pathway and targeting the immune checkpoints, namely, programmed death-1 (PD-1) or its ligand (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4). With current strategies of combining these two approaches in the front-line setting, less is known about optimal selection of therapy upon development of resistance in the second and later lines of treatment for progressive disease. This review discusses currently available therapeutic options in patients who have progressive RCC after prior treatment with double immune check-point inhibitors (ICIs) or ICI-TKI combinations.
Related Concept Videos
Targeted Cancer Therapies
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
Tumor Immunotherapy
Treatment Resistant Cancers
Kidney Transplant II: Surgical Procedure
Chronic Kidney Disease III: Interprofessional Care
Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

