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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
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Spongy Bone01:09

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All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 23, 2025

Cytotoxic Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy in Osteosarcoma Cells In Vitro
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Osteosarcoma in the Thyroid Gland.

Bobby Ijeoma1, Vaidehi Avadhani2, Stephanie Zheng2

  • 1Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

ORL; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties
|November 1, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This case report details a rare thyroid extraskeletal osteosarcoma, one of only 30 globally. It highlights varied presentations and treatment strategies for this uncommon bone cancer variant.

Keywords:
CancerHead and neck cancerOsteosarcomaOtolaryngologyThyroid cancerThyroid nodule

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Pathology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Primary osteosarcomas typically originate in bone.
  • Extraskeletal osteosarcomas are rare, with few documented thyroidal occurrences.
  • Understanding rare tumor presentations is crucial for diagnosis and treatment.

Observation:

  • A case of primary extraskeletal osteosarcoma of the thyroid is presented.
  • This represents only the 30th reported case worldwide.
  • The patient's presentation, imaging, and clinical course were analyzed.

Findings:

  • The thyroid osteosarcoma exhibited unique clinical and imaging features.
  • Comparison with previous cases revealed similarities and differences in presentation.
  • Treatment rationale was explored based on available data.

Implications:

  • This case expands the understanding of extraskeletal osteosarcomas.
  • It underscores the importance of considering rare diagnoses in thyroid pathology.
  • Further research into optimal management strategies for thyroid osteosarcomas is warranted.