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Infection01:20

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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Transmission-based precautions are for patients known to be infected or suspected to be infected or colonized with organisms that pose a significant risk to others. Some transmission-based precautions include contact, enteric, and droplet.
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Prevalence and Incidence01:08

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In statistical epidemiology and health sciences, two essential metrics—prevalence and incidence—are fundamental for understanding disease dynamics within a population. These measures enable public health officials, epidemiologists, and researchers to assess the burden of diseases, allocate resources effectively, and design impactful public health policies and interventions.
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Epidemiology, known as the cornerstone of public health, involves studying the distribution and determinants of health-related events in defined populations and applying these insights to control health issues. This is essential for understanding how diseases spread, identifying populations at greater risk, and implementing measures to control or prevent outbreaks. Epidemiology addresses not only infectious diseases but also non-communicable conditions like cancer and cardiovascular disease,...
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Updated: Aug 23, 2025

Vaccinia Reporter Viruses for Quantifying Viral Function at All Stages of Gene Expression
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Monkeypox: epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment and prevention.

Yong Huang1, Li Mu1, Wei Wang2

  • 1Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy
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Summary

The monkeypox virus, endemic to Africa, is spreading globally, causing a public health emergency. Understanding its epidemiology, transmission, and clinical features is crucial for developing effective vaccines and treatments to control outbreaks.

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Virology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Monkeypox is a zoonotic viral disease historically endemic to West and Central Africa.
  • Recent outbreaks have been confirmed in non-endemic countries, prompting a global health alert.
  • The World Health Organization declared the monkeypox outbreak a public health emergency of international concern in July 2022.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of monkeypox epidemiology and viral characteristics.
  • To analyze novel transmission patterns and clinical presentations of the disease.
  • To provide guidance on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies for monkeypox.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of epidemiological data, viral reservoirs, and transmission dynamics.
  • Analysis of clinical characteristics, mutations, and infection mechanisms.
  • Evaluation of current diagnostic and treatment measures, including smallpox vaccination.

Main Results:

  • High frequency of human-to-human transmission observed, particularly among men who have sex with men.
  • Identification of novel transmission patterns outside of endemic regions.
  • Current treatments show some efficacy, but antiviral drugs and vaccines are urgently needed.

Conclusions:

  • Monkeypox poses a significant threat due to increasing global spread and human-to-human transmission.
  • Enhanced understanding of the virus is vital for effective prevention and control strategies.
  • Urgent development of targeted antiviral therapies and vaccines is recommended to combat the outbreak.