Zirconia-based nanomaterials: recent developments in synthesis and applications.

Area of Science:

• Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
• Materials Science
• Biomedical Engineering

Background:

• Zirconia nanomaterials exhibit diverse applications, including catalysis, sensing, and adsorption.
• Significant biomedical potential in dentistry, drug delivery, and biological activities (antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer).
• Growing research interest necessitates a systematic review of synthesis methods and their impact on properties.

Purpose of the Study:

• To systematically review various synthesis approaches for zirconia nanomaterials.
• To analyze the influence of synthesis methods on the structure, size, shape, and morphology.
• To survey the applications of zirconia-based nanomaterials and compare their performance.

Main Methods:

• Chemical synthesis approaches: hydrothermal, solvothermal, sol-gel, microwave, solution combustion, co-precipitation.
• Green synthesis approaches: utilizing bacteria, fungi, and plant parts.
• Critical analysis of methods for achieving specific phases and shapes.

Main Results:

• Different synthesis routes yield zirconia nanomaterials with varying structural, size, and morphological characteristics.
• Chemical methods offer control over phase and shape, while green methods provide sustainable alternatives.
• Zirconia nanomaterials demonstrate significant efficacy in catalysis, sensing, biomedical applications, and biological activities.

Conclusions:

• Synthesis method selection is crucial for tailoring zirconia nanomaterial properties for specific applications.
• Both chemical and green synthesis routes are viable, each with distinct advantages.
• Further research into optimizing synthesis and exploring novel applications is warranted.