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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
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Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
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Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

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Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
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Updated: Aug 23, 2025

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test OGTT and Insulin Tolerance Test ITT
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Diabetes, Aging, and Insulin's Reponic Features: Review.

Joshua Moen1

  • 1Department of Health Science, Touro University California, California CA 94592, USA.

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Understanding aging physiology, particularly nutrient handling by the endocrine system in older adults, is key. This knowledge guides interventions to maintain function and prevent frailty in seniors.

Keywords:
Diabetesagingendocrine systemhomeostasisinsulinpancreas

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Endocrinology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Aging involves complex physiological changes impacting overall health and function.
  • Frailty and impaired functioning are significant public health concerns for adults aged 65 and older.
  • Understanding normal aging is crucial for developing targeted interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent understanding of nutrient handling within the endocrine system of older adults.
  • To highlight the importance of physiological changes in response to nutrients during aging.
  • To inform future interventions aimed at extending optimal functioning throughout the lifespan.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on the endocrine system and nutrient handling in aging.
  • Analysis of physiological changes associated with aging in older adults.
  • Synthesis of current research on nutrient-endocrine interactions in senescence.

Main Results:

  • The aging endocrine system exhibits altered nutrient handling capabilities.
  • Specific physiological changes in nutrient metabolism are identified in older adults.
  • These changes impact overall body system functioning and vulnerability.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive understanding of aging-related endocrine changes in nutrient handling is essential.
  • Targeted interventions can be developed based on this understanding.
  • Promoting autonomy and preventing functional impairment in older adults is achievable through informed strategies.