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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings....

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Updated: Aug 23, 2025

Using Brain Activation nir-HEG/Q-EEG and Execution Measures CPTs in a ADHD Assessment Protocol

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Task-Based Functional Connectivity in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review.

Olivia S Kowalczyk¹, Mitul A Mehta¹, Owen G O'Daly¹

¹Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.

Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science

|November 3, 2022

Summary

Task-based functional connectivity differs in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) across multiple brain networks compared to neurotypical individuals. Interventions show potential to modulate these ADHD-related neural network differences.

Keywords:

ADHD Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Connectivity Functional magnetic resonance imaging Task-based functional connectivity fMRI

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Published on: April 1, 2018

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Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD

Published on: March 12, 2020

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Psychiatry
Radiology

Background:

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by altered neurocognitive functioning.
Task-based functional connectivity using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is increasingly studied in ADHD.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review and critically appraise fMRI task-based functional connectivity studies in ADHD.
To synthesize findings on neural network differences in ADHD and the effects of interventions.

Main Methods:

Systematic literature search up to September 2020.
Included 34 studies with 51 comparisons, analyzing ADHD neuropathology and intervention effects.
Narrative synthesis due to heterogeneity, preventing meta-analysis.

Main Results:

Significant differences in functional connectivity were observed in cingulo-opercular, sensorimotor, visual, subcortical, and executive control networks in ADHD compared to controls.
ADHD-related abnormalities were found in sensorimotor and subcortical networks when comparing individuals with ADHD to siblings and remitted peers.
Interventions, particularly stimulants, modulated dysfunctional networks, notably impacting connections with the striatum, anterior cingulate cortex, occipital regions, and default mode network.

Conclusions:

Task-based functional connectivity reveals consistent differences in brain networks in ADHD.
These findings highlight potential neural underpinnings of ADHD and mechanisms of treatment.
Methodological improvements are needed to further advance understanding.