Mechanisms of estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis based on transcriptome and DNA methylation

Osteoporosis is a disease that impacts the elderly. Low estrogen is related to changes in DNA methylation and consequent alterations in gene expression, leading to a new direction in research related to the pathophysiology of osteoporosis. We constructed an Ovariectomized (OVX) mouse model in our study, and the mouse models had osteoporosis based on the phenotype and methylation levels in the mouse's bone. Furthermore, the methylation level of the OVX mice was significantly changed compared to that of SHAM mice. Therefore, we performed genome-level analysis on the mouse model using transcriptome and Whole Genome Bisulfite Sequencing (WGBS) by combining the data of two omics and discovered that the changes in gene expression level caused by osteoporosis primarily focused on the decrease of bone and muscle development and the activation of the immune system. According to intersection analysis of methylation and transcriptome data, the differentially expressed genes and pathways are consistent with the differentially expressed methylation locations and regions. Further, the differentially expressed methylation sites were mainly concentrated in promoters, exons, and other critical functional regions of essential differentially expressed genes. This is also the primary cause of gene differential expression variations, indicating that estrogen deficiency might regulate gene expression by altering methylation modification, leading to osteoporosis. We demonstrated the clinical value of methylation modification research, and these findings would improve the current understanding of underlying molecular mechanisms of osteoporosis incidence and development and provide new ideas for early detection and treatment of osteoporosis.