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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

Precipitation Gravimetry

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Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
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Types of Coprecipitation01:10

Types of Coprecipitation

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Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
Sometimes, ions in a crystal lattice can undergo isomorphous replacement by inclusions of similar charge and size. For...
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Design Example: Analyzing Capacity Contours for Flood Risk Assessment01:17

Design Example: Analyzing Capacity Contours for Flood Risk Assessment

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Flood risk assessment involves careful planning and analysis to ensure the safety of communities near water retention structures. Capacity contours are a vital tool in this process, as they illustrate the potential spread of water at specific levels in a given area. In the context of building a bund across a small valley, these contours play a critical role in evaluating the safety of nearby residential areas.In this example, the bund is intended to store stormwater in the valley. The engineers...
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Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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Watershed Planning within a Quantitative Scenario Analysis Framework
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Constraining extreme precipitation projections using past precipitation variability.

Wenxia Zhang1, Kalli Furtado2, Tianjun Zhou3,4

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100029, Beijing, China.

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|November 4, 2022
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Summary

Future projections of extreme precipitation have uncertainties. This study reveals a link between present-day precipitation variability and future extremes, reducing projection uncertainty by 20-40% for better climate adaptation planning.

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Area of Science:

  • Climate Science
  • Atmospheric Science
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Projected changes in future precipitation extremes show significant uncertainties across climate models.
  • These uncertainties pose challenges for climate action and adaptation planning.
  • Current methods for reducing projection uncertainty are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify a method for narrowing uncertainties in projections of future extratropical extreme precipitation.
  • To establish a relationship between present-day precipitation variability and future extreme precipitation projections.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized large climate model ensembles to analyze precipitation data.
  • Investigated correlations between model representations of present-day precipitation variability and future extreme precipitation projections.
  • Employed statistical explanations using idealized precipitation distributions.

Main Results:

  • A significant correlation was found between model representations of present-day precipitation variability and future extratropical extreme precipitation uncertainty.
  • Models with weaker present-day variability project larger increases in extreme precipitation.
  • This emergent relationship reduces projection uncertainty by 20-40% in extratropical regions.

Conclusions:

  • The study establishes a powerful constraint for future extreme precipitation projections based on observed present-day variability.
  • This finding improves understanding of current model projection uncertainties.
  • The results are expected to yield socio-economic benefits for climate change adaptation planning.