Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

SN2 Reaction: Kinetics02:14

SN2 Reaction: Kinetics

8.6K
Kinetic Studies and Significance
In a chemical reaction, a relationship exists between the concentration of reactants and the rate at which the reaction proceeds. The study to measure this relationship is known as the kinetics of a chemical reaction. Kinetic studies are used to deduce the rate law of a chemical reaction, which provides information about the species involved during the transition state of the rate-determining step. Thus, kinetic studies help to derive the mechanism of a...
8.6K
Predicting Reaction Outcomes02:24

Predicting Reaction Outcomes

8.5K
Kinetics describes the rate and path by which a reaction occurs. In contrast, thermodynamics deals with state functions and describes the properties, behavior, and components of a system. It is not concerned with the path taken by the process and cannot address the rate at which a reaction occurs. Although it does provide information about what can happen during a reaction process, it does not describe the detailed steps of what appears on an atomic or a molecular level. On the other hand,...
8.5K
E1 Reaction: Kinetics and Mechanism02:46

E1 Reaction: Kinetics and Mechanism

15.6K
Here, in contrast to the E2 reaction mechanism, we delve into the aspects of the E1 reaction mechanism, which has two steps: rate-limiting loss of the leaving group and abstraction of the beta hydrogen by a weak base. Typically, the experimental proof for the E1 mechanism is via kinetic studies or isotope studies. While the former demonstrates the first-order kinetics—the dependence of the reaction solely on substrate concentration—the latter proves the abstraction of hydrogen only...
15.6K
SN1 Reaction: Kinetics02:05

SN1 Reaction: Kinetics

8.0K
In an SN2 reaction, the reaction rate depends on both the type of nucleophile and the substrate. A hindered tertiary alkyl halide is practically inert to the SN2 mechanism despite using a strong nucleophile.
However, Sir Christopher Ingold and Edward D. Hughes, who studied the kinetics of various nucleophilic substitution reactions, noticed that a tertiary alkyl halide does undergo a nucleophilic substitution reaction in the presence of a weak nucleophile. While studying the substitution...
8.0K
Determining Order of Reaction02:53

Determining Order of Reaction

56.9K
Rate laws describe the relationship between the rate of a chemical reaction and the concentration of its reactants. In a rate law, the rate constant k and the reaction orders are determined experimentally by observing how the rate of reaction changes as the concentrations of the reactants are changed. A common experimental approach to the determination of rate laws is the method of initial rates. This method involves measuring reaction rates for multiple experimental trials carried out using...
56.9K
E2 Reaction: Kinetics and Mechanism02:45

E2 Reaction: Kinetics and Mechanism

10.5K
SN2 substitutions and E2 eliminations of alkyl halides proceed via a concerted pathway. While the nucleophile attacks the alpha carbon in SN2 reactions, it functions as a strong base and abstracts a beta hydrogen in the E2 mechanism. The rate-limiting transition state in E2 elimination reactions is characterized by partially broken carbon–hydrogen and carbon–halogen bonds and a partially formed pi bond between the alpha and beta carbons. The beta hydrogen and halide are eliminated...
10.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

How "Soft" Are Your Gas Mixtures? Effects of Modifier Gas Types on the Dissociation of Labile Ions in Differential Mobility Spectrometry.

Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry·2026
Same author

Unveiling Ciprofloxacin Protonation Isomers: an Integrated Approach with Mass Spectrometry, Ion Mobility Spectrometry and Infrared Ion Spectroscopy.

Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry·2026
Same author

Separating <i>O</i>-desmethylvenlafaxine and tramadol enantiomers using two-dimensional chiral LC × DMS mass spectrometry.

The Analyst·2026
Same author

Investigations on the field dependency of proton and charge transfer kinetics in atmospheric pressure corona discharge sources.

Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP·2026
Same author

Exploring Field-Induced Fragmentation of Protonated Alcohols: Mechanistic Insights and Stabilizing Ion-Solvent Clusters.

Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry·2025
Same author

Two-Dimensional LC × DMS Analysis of 34 PFAS Compounds.

Analytical chemistry·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 23, 2025

Analysis of Complex Molecules and Their Reactions on Surfaces by Means of Cluster-Induced Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry
07:53

Analysis of Complex Molecules and Their Reactions on Surfaces by Means of Cluster-Induced Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Published on: March 1, 2020

7.3K

Kinetics in DMS: Modeling Clustering and Declustering Reactions.

Alexander Haack1, W Scott Hopkins1,2,3

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ONN2L 3G1, Canada.

Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry
|November 4, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Differential mobility spectrometry (DMS) uses oscillating electrical fields for ion separation. This study reveals that ion-solvent cluster kinetics, influenced by field strength, affect DMS response accuracy, improving predictive models.

Keywords:
collision cross sectiondensity functional theorydifferential ion mobilityion−solvent clusterkineticsreaction rates

More Related Videos

Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry
12:11

Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry

Published on: April 8, 2020

8.3K
Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters
10:37

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Published on: January 9, 2014

9.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 23, 2025

Analysis of Complex Molecules and Their Reactions on Surfaces by Means of Cluster-Induced Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry
07:53

Analysis of Complex Molecules and Their Reactions on Surfaces by Means of Cluster-Induced Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Published on: March 1, 2020

7.3K
Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry
12:11

Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry

Published on: April 8, 2020

8.3K
Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters
10:37

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Published on: January 9, 2014

9.1K

Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Differential mobility spectrometry (DMS) separates ions using oscillating electrical fields.
  • Microsolvation environments enhance DMS resolving power through dynamic cluster formation and evaporation.
  • The kinetics of these solvation processes under varying electrical fields are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a computational framework for investigating ion-solvent cluster dynamics in DMS.
  • To understand how reaction kinetics (association, dissociation, conformational changes) vary with electrical field strength.
  • To assess the impact of these kinetics on experimental outcomes and DMS model accuracy.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a computational framework to simulate ion-solvent cluster dynamics.
  • Analysis of reaction rates (cluster association, dissociation) under different electrical field strengths.
  • Comparison of a kinetic modeling approach with a modified Boltzmann weighting scheme against experimental data.

Main Results:

  • Ion-solvent cluster association and dissociation are typically fast relative to DMS field oscillation timescales.
  • Under specific conditions (low concentration, low dipole moment, strong binding), reaction kinetics can lag, causing significant shifts in compensation voltage.
  • The proposed kinetic approach shows improved agreement with experimental DMS data compared to existing models.

Conclusions:

  • Chemical dynamics within the DMS cell, specifically ion-solvent cluster kinetics, significantly impact ion mobility measurements.
  • Accurate prediction of DMS experimental outcomes requires incorporating these kinetic processes.
  • This work enhances the accuracy of dispersion plot predictions and provides deeper insights into DMS chemical dynamics.