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Stroke: Introduction and Types

Stroke: Introduction and Types

A stroke is an acute neurological event caused by the sudden disruption of cerebral blood flow, leading to rapid loss of neuronal function. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief interruptions can cause irreversible injury within minutes. Strokes are classified into ischemic and hemorrhagic types.Ischemic StrokeIschemic strokes are most common and occur due to arterial occlusion, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. This leads to energy failure, ionic...

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a temporary, focal reduction in cerebral blood flow. Although symptoms resemble those of an ischemic stroke, the interruption in perfusion is short-lived and does not cause permanent infarction. TIAs are clinically important because they often serve as early warning events for future stroke.Mechanisms of Transient Cerebral IschemiaTransient cerebral ischemia may arise through several mechanisms. One...

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Ischemic Stroke in Patients With Malignancy.

Ugur Sener¹, Zafer Keser¹

¹Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.

Mayo Clinic Proceedings

|November 4, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Cancer is a potential cause of embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS). Early cancer screening may be beneficial for stroke patients, guiding future treatment strategies for secondary stroke prevention.

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Area of Science:

Neurology
Oncology
Cardiology

Background:

Embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) affects a significant portion of ischemic stroke patients.
A notable percentage of ESUS cases are linked to active cancer diagnoses.
Cancer and its treatments can elevate the risk of acute ischemic stroke through hypercoagulability, tumors, or emboli.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the association between cancer and ischemic stroke in ESUS patients.
To identify potential indicators of cancer-related ischemic stroke.
To discuss the implications for cancer screening and secondary stroke prevention.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on ESUS, cancer, and ischemic stroke.
Analysis of potential mechanisms linking malignancy to stroke.
Evaluation of current guidelines and evidence for cancer screening in stroke patients.

Main Results:

Cancer is an under-recognized cause of ESUS, associated with increased stroke recurrence, neurological decline, and mortality.
Clinical signs like bilateral vascular lesions, elevated D-dimer, and inflammatory markers may suggest cancer-related stroke.
Cancer screening is recommended for ESUS patients with suggestive clinical history and no other identified stroke cause.

Conclusions:

Cancer represents a significant, yet often overlooked, etiology in ESUS.
Prompt cancer screening in select ischemic stroke patients is crucial for diagnosis and management.
Further research and clinical trials are essential to determine optimal antithrombotic therapies for secondary stroke prevention in cancer-related stroke.